Biology notes-bone

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Explain the difference between axial and apendicular skeleton.: axial- head, neck, trunk- 80 bones
apendicular- appendiges, girdles- 126 bones.
Total number of bones in the human skeleton: 206
Where is the yellow marrow produced? What is stored in it?: medullary canal; lipids
Where is red marrow produced? What is found in it?: epiphysis; RBC, WBC, platelets
What is another name for the growth plate?: Epiphysial plate
What is the term used to describe the shaft of the bone?: diaphysis
Where is spongy bone located?: epiphysis
Where is compact bone located?: diaphysis
What is the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the bone?: periosteum
The point where the ends of the shafts meet.: metaphysis
WHat is another name for a soft spot?: fontanel
Where does primary ossification begin, and at what age?: shaft od diaphysis. starts 5th or 6th week of embryonic development.
Where does secondary ossification begin?: epiphysis; complete at birth
Range of motion: Where you increase angle between bones.: extension
Range of motion:Where you decrease angle between bones.: flexion
Range of motion: A forward motion.: protraction
Range of motion: A backward motion.: retraction
Range of motion: circular movement.: circumduction
Range of motion: turning of axis.: rotation
Range of motion: lying on stomach with palms down.: pronation
Range of motion: lying on back with my palms facing forward.: supinations
Range of motion: a movement that raises the bone.: elevation
Range of motion: a movement that lowers the bone.: depression
Range of motion: away from midline.: abduction
Range of motion: towards midline.: adduction
Range of motion: a movement that bends the part beyond normal.: hyperextension
Range of motion: a movement that flexes the foot towards the sole.: plantar flexion
4 pairs of sinuses from superior to inferior.: frontal, ethmoid, spheniod, maxillary
a mature bone cell?: osteocyte
immature bone cell that undergoes mitosis.: osteoblast
a bone cell that breaks down old bone tissue?: osteoclast
an unspecialized bone cell that undergoes mitotic change?: osteoproginator cell
another name for bone tissue?: osseous
4 functions of the skeletal system.: movement, protection, attachment for muscles, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy stoarge.
matrix that makes up bone tissue... what % is water, what % is protien, what % is calcium and phosphorous?: water- 25%, protein-25%, calcium and phosphorous- 50%
what is the difference between intramembraneous and endochondral bones?: flat; round, long bones
what 2 primary menieral salts do bones store?: calcium and phosphorous
list 3 things that control bone growth?: genetics, hormones, diet, mineral storage, lack of vitamin d
how does bone grow in diameter?: lying down new bone tissue
where/how do bones grow in length?: mitotic division and epiphysial plate
what is a break in the bone called?: fracture
what is ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new?: remodeling
what is mesenchymal tissue?: embryonic tissue
what connects muscle to bone?: tendon
what connects bone to bone?: ligaments
what type of synovial joint?hip or shoulder?: ball and socket
what type of synovial joint? thumb?: saddle
what type of synovial joint? elbow?: hinge
what type of synovial joint? wrist?: gliding
what type of synovial joint? atlas and axis?: pivot
what type of synovial joint? between metacarpals and phalanges?: chondoloid
when you have a fracture, bone goes through 4 steps. list them in order.: forms hematoma, then soft calus, then bony callus, remodeling
green stick fractures occur in adults or children?: children
what does articulate describe?: to move with
what occurs in calcification?: minerals are deposited in collagen
what gives bones its tensile strength? hardness?: collagen fibers
# of bones:vertebral column.: 26
# of bones: cranial/facial.: 22
# of bones: middle ear?: 6
# of bones: hyoid?: 1
# of bones: thoracic cage.: 25
# of bones: pectoral girdle.: 4
# of bones: upper limbs: 60
# of bones: pelvic girdle: 2
# of bones: lower limbs.: 60
difference between true and false ribs?: true- connected to sternum by hyaline cartilage
false- connected to eachother first, then connects to sternum
what does foramen mean?: opening
increase in production of GH can lead to what syndrome?: acronegaly
space or cavity in bone is called what?: sinuses
3 differences between an adult and child skeleton.: suture lines are wide in child.
space between cranial bone- fontanels in child.
childs bones are softer.
smaller nasal cavity in child.
porminent forehead.
larger orbitals in child
what is a suture line?: fibrous connective tissue- cranial bones
what is the purpose of the foramen skeleton?: nerves to travel through, ligaments to travel through, and muscles to travel to.
what allows head to pivot?: atlas and axis
functions of sinus cavities?: reduce weight of skull; warm, filter, and moisturize air; help with voice resonance.
how many curves are there in a spine?: 4
tissue that lines medullary canal?: endosteum
the only bone that does now articulate with any other bone in the body.: hyoid

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