PSYC 220 Exam 1
Terms
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- myasthenia gravis
- auto-immune disease (body decides to attack something that it actually needs) of acetylcholine receptors
- agonist
- increases/mimics NT; promote formation; promote release; stimulate receptors; block breakdown of NT
- antagonist
- blocks effects of NT; block formation; block release; block receptors
- Glia
- small cells; don't carry info long distances like neurons, but do exchange chemical info; eg. astrocytes (radial glia), oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia
- Schwann cell
- type of glia; myelination
- astrocytes
- type of glia; help with chemical exchange at presynaptic terminals
- microglia
- type of glia; clean up waste; act as immune system
- type of glia; help with neuron migration
- radial glia
- type of glia; help with myelination
- oligodendrocytes
- part of midbrain (mesencephalon); contains NT dopamine
- substantia nigra
- hypothalamus
- part of forebrain (prosencephelon) and diencephalon (along with thalamus); if damaged, can alter behavior such as drinking, temp regulation, and sexual behavior
- part of forebrain (prosencephalon); processes sensory info (other than olfactory/smell) and sends to cerebral cortex
- thalamus
- where cell bodies of sensory neurons are located (outside the brain and spinal cord)
- dorsal root ganglia
- Nernst Equation
- can predict voltage in and out of axon; variables: voltage, concentration of ion inside, con of ion outside
- in center of brain; links info from one side of brain to the other
- corpus callosum
- IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
- temporary hyperpolarization; K leaves or Cl enters
- EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
- temporary deploarization; Na enters cell
- disease caused by toxic gain of function; sensitivity to glutamate so cell (in basal ganglia) wears out and disappears
- Huntington's Chorea
- Parkinson's Disease
- dopamine dies out
- acetylcholine
- in peripheral nervous system, activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system
- GABA
- chief inhibitory NT in CNS; IPSP
- glutamate
- chief excitatory NT in CNS; EPSP
- ionotropic effects
- NT acts as a password to open a channel
- metabotropic effects
- slower & longer; NT attaches, bends receptor, G-protein released, second messenger (cyclic AMP) sent to communicate in larger areas of cell
- Fritsch & Hitzig
- test if electricity stimulates the brain (c. 1900); find that brain controls behavior (in middle part); front part had no result (memories); back part showed visual triggers
- John Flynn
- tested hypothalamus with a microelectrode; found replicable behavior
- Wilder Penfield
- studied epilepsy; tried to find locus/focus by stimulating parts of bring to find aura that occurs just before seizure
- side of brain for language recognition
- LEFT
- Side of brain for face recognition
- RIGHT
- monists
- people who believe that the brain=mind
- dualists
- people who believe the mind and physical brain to be seperate
- ribosomes
- read DNA and translate into/produce proteins
- cytoskeleton
- form the "skeleton" of the skull; little filled and unfilled tubes
- Frans Nissl
- invented the __last_name__ Stain; stain RNA and follow neuron development
- endoplasmic reticulum
- network of thin tubes to transport newly formed proteins; part of cell structure eg.mitochondria, ribosomes...
- receivers of info for a cell; have branches with spines; bumpy
- dendrites
- distribute info to other cells; long (not local) with right angles; have branches (collateral)
- axons
- axon hillock
- swelling where axon meets soma
- dye used to trace going from axon terminal and back into the cell body
- retrograde tracer
- dye used to trace motion from brain and into dendrites
- antrograde tracer
- Hodgkins and Huxley (1963)
- tried to detect if we work by electric current; use giant squid axon to detect difference in voltage inside and outside; saw relatively negative resting potential and then positive charge in axon at action potential (when stimulated)
- dissociation
- when a compound divides into two ions eg. NaCl goes to Na+ and Cl-
- Chloride
- Cl- more outside of cell (think: to make more neg., K+ leaves or Cl- enters cell)
- sodium potassium pump
- 3Na out, 2K in; one more neg. each time To maintain resting potential and the electric gradient Use a lot of energy