Chemistry102
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- linear/even number of carbons; carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains
- fatty acids
- present in plants and animals and are soluble in nonpolar or low-polarity solvents
- lipids
- amphipathic
- one part of the molecule is hydrophobic and another part is hydrophilic
- all hydrolyzable lipids contain one or more ________
- fatty acids
- which contains no c=c double bonds? saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
- saturated fatty acids
- ______ make up about 90% of our dietary lipid intake
- triacylglycerols
- What does hydrolysis of triacylglycerols produce?
- glycerol and fatty acids
- why is the digestion of dietary triaclyglycerols necessary for their use?
- because they are too large to diffuse through the intestinal membrane
- what is lipase?
- an enzyme that helps with the digestion of triacylglycerols
- a long-chain, unsaturated amino alcohol
- sphingosine
- what are steroids?
- nonhydrolyzable lipids that contain the steroid ring structure
- this is a major steroid in animals
- cholestrol
- nonhydrolyzable lipids derived from the polyunsaturated C20 fatty acid; arachidonic acid
- eicosaniods
- why are eicosaniods unlike hormones?
- because they are not transported in the bloodstream from their sites of synthesis to their sites of action
- what causes pain and swelling in the body?
- production of prostaglandins
- why is vitamin D considered a steroid hormone instead of a vitamin?
- because it can be synthesized from cholestrol, and our body can\'t synthesize vitamins
- what are some functions of lipids?
- energy storage and hormones and vitamins
- which type of lipid is bad for you: LDL, HDL, or VDL?
- LDL think large amounts of feathers taking up space
- organic compounds that are required for normal metabolizm but are not synthesized by the body and must be part of the diet
- vitamins
- function of catalytic proteins
- catalyze the synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
- function of transport proteins
- carry specific molecules or ions from one place to another
- function of regulatory proteins
- control cellular activity like lipid hormones there are protein hormones like insulin which regulates glucose metabolism
- function of structural proteins
- gives physical shapes to animal structures
- function of contractile proteins
- provide cells and organisms with the ability to change shape and move
- function of protective proteins
- defend against invaders and prevent or minimize damage due to injury
- function of storage proteins
- provide a reservior of nitrogen and other nutrients, especially when essential sources are low or absent
- the building blocks for all proteins
- amino acids
- Alpha amino acids are called this because:
- the carbon containing the amine group is the first carbon past the carboxyl group
- polymers constructed by the bonding together of alpha amino acids
- polypeptides
- amino acids that have neutral hydrophobic side groups
- nonpolar neutral
- amino acids that have neutral hydrophilic side groups
- polar neutral
- amino acids that have acidic hydrophilic side groups
- polar acidic
- amino acids that have basic hydrophilic side groups
- polar basic
- zwitterion
- contains one negative and one positive charge center and has a net charge of zero
- polyamides formed by amino acids reacting with one another. (viewed as a dehydration)
- peptides
- oligopeptide
- a loosely defined term used to refer to peptides smaller than polypeptides
- how are peptides and proteins often distinguished between?
- the basis of the number of amino acid residues
- the term protein is generally not used for peptides conatining:
- fewer than 50 residues
- function of angiotension
- (peptide) regulates blood pressure by constriction of arteries
- function of gastrin
- (peptide) aids digestion by stimulating HCl and pepsinogen secretion in the stomach
- function of glutathione
- (peptide) maintains iron in hemoglobin
- function of vasopressin
- (peptide) regulates blood pressure by stimulating excretion of water by kidneys
- what are acid residues?
- amino acids that are hooked together
- proteins containing only polypeptides are called:
- simple proteins
- proteins containing nonpolypeptides or ions are called:
- conjugated proteins
- the polypeptide part of a conjugated protein is called _______ and the nonpolypeptide is called the _______
- apoprotein and prosthetic group
- the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (tells the sequence)
- primary protein structure
- conformation in a local region of a polypeptide molecule
- secondary protein structure
- has different secondary structures in different local regions
- tertiary protein structure
- exists only in proteins in which two or more polypeptides aggregate
- quarternary protein structure
- what are two ways that will denature a protein?
- increased temperature and changes in pH
- why does increased temperature denature a protein?
- because it disrupts the noncovalent attractions responsible for the structures
- why does a change of pH denature a protein?
- because it interferes with salt bridge interactions