chap 8 joints
Terms
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- define joint
- site where 2 or more bones meet
- classification of joints structurally
- fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- classification joints functionally
- synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic
- general nature of fibrous joints. name and example of 3 most common
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suture-only in bones of the skull
syndesmoses- bones are connected by a ligament
gomphoses- peg and socket, tooth - general structure of cartilaginous joints. 2 common
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bones are united by cartilage, no joint cavity.
synchondroses, symphesis - structural characteristics shared by all synovial joints
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atricular cartilage
synovial fliud
reinforcing ligaments
joint cavity
articular cartilage - 3 natural factors that stabilize synovial joints
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shapes of articualr surface
number and position of ligaments
muscle tone - structure and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths
- completely wrap around a tendon in places of high friction to help reduce it
- body movements
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rotation
supination/pronation
inversion/eversion
protraction/retraction
elevation/depression
opposition
circumduction
abduction/adduction
flexion/extension/dorsiflexion - 6 types of synovial joints
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plane-intercarpal
hinge- elbow
pivot- radius
condyloid-knuckle
saddle-thumb
ball and socket-hip - most common joint injuries
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sprains-ligaments stretched or torn
cartilage- torn need to be surgically fixed
dislocation- bones out of alignment, need to be reduced - factors that promote joint homeostasis
- injuries, age,excessive exercise
- origin vs insertion
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origin- muscle attached to a immovable bone
insertion- attachment to a movable bone - range of motion in a synovial joint
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nonaxial
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial - 3 types of movement in a synovial joint
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gliding
angular
rotation - osteoarthritis
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most common
enzymes break down old acrtilage and it gets replaced. in OA, it gets broken down faster than it gets replaced - rheumatoid arthritis
- joint tenderness and stiffness. symptoms show up bilaterally and tend to come and go. autoimmune disease and initial trigger is thought to be brought on my strep. synovial membrane inflames, inflamitory cells migrate there and release too much chemical, destroying body tissue. synovial fluid accumulates and causes swelling. synovial membrane thickens and articualr cartilage begins to cling to it. usually immobilazes the joint
- gouty arthritis
- blood levels or uric acid rise excessivly and leads to a deposit of urate crystals in the soft tissue of joints (big toe). an inflammatory responce follows, leading to a painful attack on the gout.
- menisci
- wedges of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces.
- capsular ligaments
- the thickest part of the fibrous capsule that reinforce and strengthen joint.
- extracapsular ligaments
- do not actually lie within the membrane
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elbow joint-
articulating bones, movemetn allowed, and relative joint stability -
humerous, tibia ulna
flextion extention
very stable because of bone structure -
knee joint-
articulating bones, movement allowed, and relative joint stability -
tibia, fibula, femur
flexion, extension some rotation
relatively strong, uses medial and lateral reinforcment -
hip-
articulating bones, movement allowed, and relative joint stability -
femur and pelvis
rotation
most stable joint because of the large head in a deep groove on the pelvic bone -
shoulder-
articulating bones, movemetn allowed, and relative joint stability -
glenohumerous joint
humerous to scapular
rotation
least stable joint -
osteoarthritis
population affected, possbile causes, structural joint changes, disease outcome, and therapy. - most common in aged, caused by the aging process. more women than men are affected. Enzymes break down old cartilage and replace it. theory is that catrtilage gets broekn down faster then it gets replaced.
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rheumatoid arthritis
population affected, possbile causes, structural joint changes, disease outcome, and therapy. - aged 40-50. 3 times as many women. bilateral joint tenderness and stiffness. autoimmune disease. triggered by strep. inflammation of the synovial membrane, antiinflamatory cells migrate and destroy body tissues. eventually cartilage ossifies and immobilizes joint.
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gouty arthritis
population affected, possbile causes, structural joint changes, disease outcome, and therapy. - more common in males.. genetic. uric acid levels rise on blood stream and leave deposits of urate crystals insoft tissues. antinflamatory responce, painful attack on gout