Science Notecards
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- When doing work you exert ______ over __________
- Force, Distance
- In order to do work, the object must
- Move
- For work to be done, force exerted must bein the ________ as the objects _____
- Same Direction, Motion
- Work= ? * ?
- Force, Distance
- The SI Unit for work is the ____
- NewtonMeter
- A Newton-Meter is also called a _____
- Joule
- One joule is the amount of work you do when y ou exert a force of ________ to move an object a distance of ________
- One Newton, One Meter
- How does a machine make work easier?
- The Machine makes the input force easier.
- If only the direction of force changes the input force and output force are _____. The mechanical advantage is ______.
- Equal, 100
- The efficiency of a machine compares _____ Work to _____ Work
- Output, Input
- Efficiency is expressed as a
- Percent
- List the six simple machines and give an example of each.
-
Wedge- Doorstop
Screw- Jelly Lid
Pulley- Flagpole
Wheel and Axel- Car Wheel
Lever- SeeSaw
Inclined Plane- Ramp - The fixed point on a lever is called a ______.
- Fulcrum
- Define Lever
- A simple machine consisting of a rigid object that pivots about a fixed point.
- Define Pulley.
- A simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel around which it is wrapped in a rope, such as cable.
- What is the difference between movable and fixed pulleys?
-
Fixed: Is a pulley used to keep structures in tack.
Movable: If you wish to move a pulley. - What is a compound machine? Give an example of one.
- A machine with two or more simple machines.
- Most machines in our body are
- Levers
- What is Energy?
- The ability to do work or cause change.
- What is work?
- Transfer of energy.
- What is the un it for work?
- Joules or a Newton-Meter
- List three examples of kinetic energy
- Swinging a bat, funning, mowing the lawn.
- What does kinetic energy depend on?
- MAss and Velocity
- Describe two ways to increase Kinetic Energy.
- Double the mass, or double the velocity.
- What is the equation for KE?
-
KE= Mass * Velocity Squared
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2 - What is Potential Energy>
- Energy that is stored and held in rediness.
- List and give examples of the 6 types of energy.
-
Mechanical- School Bus
Thermal- Blow Dryer
Chemical- Chocolate
Electrical- Shock, Lightning
Electromagnetic- Light from sun
Nuclear- Nuclear Energy - What is an Energy conversion?
- Energy that is converted into another energy.
- State the law of conservation of energy.
- Energy that is neither converted and is not lost.
- What is a fossil fuel? How is it formed?
- Created by the sun and it's light.
- What is power?
- The rate at which work is done.
- What is the equation for power?
-
Power= Work
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Distance - What is the unit for power?
- Watts
- Define: Temperature
- Energy gained or lost
- How do you change temperatures on the Kelvin scale for Celsius degrees?
- Divide Numbers
- Define: Thermal Energy
- Particles that are heated and have energy.
- The _____ particles a substance has at a given temperature, the more _____ energy it has.
- More, Thermal
- Define: Heat
- Movement of thermal energy.
- Heat is transferred by _____, _____, ____.
- Radiation, conduction, convection.
- Describe conduction, convection, radiation.
-
Conduction- Heat is on the bottom pushing up onto a pan to make it hot.
Convection- Heat transfered in currents within a fluid.
Radiation- Electromagnetic Waves - Heat flows from the _____ object to the ____ one
- Warm, Cool
- A material that does not conduct heat well is a/an _______.
- Insulator
- List the 3 states of matter on earth.
- Solid, liquid, gas
- What happens to temperature during a phase change?
- Goes into a different state of matter.
- What happenes to heat (Thermal Energy) during a phase change.
- Energy is transferred
- As the thermal energy of a substance ____, its particles spread out and the substance expands.
- Increases
- What is a wave?
- A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to place.
- Wave cause the particles of a medium to do what?
- Makes it travel move throughout.
- How are waves classified.
- By Surface, longitudinal, and Transverse
- What is the highest and lowest part of a wave called?
- Crest, Trough
- How do the particles of transverse waves move? Of longitudinal waves?
-
Transverse- Waves move through medium at a right angle two the direction of the wave.
Longitudinal- Wave and medium move in parallel direction. - What is amplitude?
- The maximum distance the particles of the medium carrying the wave.
- How can you measure the wavelength of a wave?
- Measure the distance between 2 coorosponding pairs of a wave.
- What is the unit for frequency?
- Hertz
- Name 3 factors that affect the speed of a wave in a medium.
- Temperature, elasticity, Density
- When does a wave experience reflection? Give an example
-
When the wave hits a boundary and bounces back.
An Echo - In both diffraction and refraction waves bend, explain how they are different.
- Diffraction is the bending of waves around the edge of a barrier. Refraction is the bending of waves due to a new medium.
- What is wave interference ? Explain how the amplitude changes with destructive and constructive interference.
- The interaction between two waves at the same place at the same time. Amplitude Increases with constructive interference. Amplitude decreases with destructive interference.
- What is a standing wave and when does it occur?
- A standing wave occurs when an incoming wave combines with a regular wave and appears to be standing still.
- How can you make an object resonate?
- When a vibration is applied that matches the natural frequency.
- Sound is a _________ that travels through a _________ as a _________ wave
- Disturbance, Medium, Longitudinal
- What three mediums do sounds travel through?
- Solid, Liquid, Gas
- Sound can only travel if... Sound will not travel in __________
- Has a medium to travel in through outer space
- Three properties that effect the speed of sound are ______,______,and ________
- Elasticity, Density, and Temperature of a medium
- Define elasticity. The more elastic a medium is sound will travel _________.
- Ability of a material to bounce back after disturbance quickly.
- The ________ of a sound depends upon how much energy the wave carries a second in a given area.
- Intensity
- Loudness or sound level is measured in ________. Each 10 dB increase in sound level represents a ________ increase in intensity.
- Decibal, Tenfold
- Define ultrasound and infrasound
- UltraSound- Above Normal, Infra- Below Normal
- Define pitch. Pitch depends upon ________.
- How high or low a sound is, frequency.
- Define Doppler Effect
- Change in frequency of a wave in motion.
- As a sound apporoaches the listener, the pitch is _______ due to a ________ frequency.
- Higher, High
- Music is a set of tones combined in ways that are....
- Pleasing to the ear
- Interference occurs when _______ or __________ sound waves _______
- Two or More, Interact
- How are acoustics used to design concert halls?
- Sound waves reach his listeners from different directions. Most design a hall so interference is not destructive.
- Sound enters through the _____ _______ and then vibrates the _______, a tightly stretched membrane.
- Ear Canal, Eardrum
- From here, sound enters the middle ear through three small bones (in order, outer to inner)
- Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
- Liquid cavity of the inner ear is called the _______.
- Cochlea
- Describe how the cochlea transmits sound to the brain.
- Tiny hairs send messages to the brain.
- How is a EM wave different from a mechanical wave?
- No medium is needed
- What is polarized light?
- Light that has been passed through a filter to produce waves moving in one direction.
- What is a photon?
- A packet of light energy
- How are all electromagnetic waves the same? How are they different.
- Travel at the same speed but with different wavelengths and frequencies.
- List the 6 types of EM waves in order of increasing frwquency. Give an example of each.
-
Radio (Radar gun), Infared (Heat lamp),
Visible (Rainbow), Ultraviolet (Sun Rays) X-Rays (x-rays), Gamma (Cancer Treatment) - How does an incandescent light work?
- Electricity runs thru filament and heats it up.
- What does AM stand for?
- Amplitude Modulation
- What reamains constant in an AM station.
- Frequency
- What does FM stand for?
- Frequency Modulation
- What changes in FM radio stations?
- Frequency
- What type of waves do cell phones use?
- They use microwaves/radio
- What is the global positioning system (GPS) used for?
- To tell you where you are, to give you directions.
- When light strikes an object, the light can be ____, ____, and ____
- Reflected, absorbed, transmitted
- Define: Opaque
- A material that reflects or absorbs all the light that strikes it.
- Compare transparent and translucent materials
- A transparent material transmitts light. Translucent Materal allow some light to get through.
- When does regular relection occur?
- When parallal rays of light hit a smooth surface.
- When does diffuse reflection occur?
- When parallel rays of light hit a bumpy, or uneven surface (Spread out)
- A concave mirror curves
- Inward
- Since the rays do not actually meet, images fromed by convex mirrors are always _______.
- Virtual
- When light rays enter a new medium at an angle, the change in speed causes them to _____, or change ______.
- Bend, Direction
- Define. Lens.
- A curved peice of glass or other transparent material that is used to refract light.
- A _____ lens is thinner in the center than at the edges.
- Concave
- What happens to parallel light that enters a concave lens?
- Light converges (comes together)
- The primary colors of light are ____, ___, and ____.
- Red, Blue, Green (RGB)
- Define. Pigments
- Substances that are usedto color other materials
- Describe the cornea
- The transperent front surface that protects the eye and also acs as a lens.
- The ____ is a ring of muscle that contracts and expands to change the amount of light that enters the eye. The ____ gives the eyes its color. Iris changes size, not pupil
- Iris, Iris
- The ___ is the part of the eye that looks black. It is actually a hole.
- Pupil
- Define: Retina
- The layer of cells lining the inside of a eyeball.
- The signals generated by the rods and cones travel to your brain along a short, thick nerve called the _____ _____
- Optic Nerve
- In some people the eyeball is slight too ___ or ___.
- Long, Short
- A ___ person can see nearby things clearly, but object at a distance can appear blurry
- Nearsighted
- What kind of eyeglasses woulda nearsighted person wear.
- Ones with concave lenses causes parallel light to diverge
- What does laser stand for?
- Light amplication by stimulatied emission of radiation.
- Name two occupations that use lasers
- Surveyors and Engineers
- What is the speed of light?
- 300,000,000 m/sec
- Define. Magnetism
- it is the attraction of a magnet for another magnetised object.
- Unlike poles _____ while, like poles _______.
-
Attract
Repel - What happens when a magnet is broken into two peices?
- It makes two magnets, both with a North and a South Pole.
- What is the magnetic field?
- It is the region of force surronding the magnet.
- What makes a material magnetic?
- The spin of an electron.
- What is the differenct between a temporary magnet and a permanent magnet.
-
Temporary- Keeps it magnetism for a short while
Permanent- Keeps it magnetism forever. - Name 3 ways a magnet can lose its magnetism.
- Drop it, Strike it hard, or heat it
- what is magnetic declination?
- It is the angle between the geographic North and the magnetic South poles.
- What is the unit for current
- Amper or Amp
- The charged paticles of the atom are the _____ and _____
- Protons, Electrons
- The charge on a proton is
- Positive
- Opposite charges when placed close to one another will _______, while like charges will _______.
- Attract, Repel
- Buildup of electric charge called-
- Static
- How does static cling occur? What are two ways static cling can be helpful?
-
Friction
Plastic Wrap - Define static discharge. How does a humid day alter static?
- Loss static, moisture absorbs charges
- Define potential energy.
- Energy of position
- Examples of voltage sources include:
- Batteries, Generators
- The greater the resistance the _____ current for given voltage
- Less
- State Ohms law
-
Current= Voltage
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Resistance - Series circuts have only ____ path. Draw one source, two loads in series, lights on.
- One
- What happens when one of the bulbs burn out? What happens to the circut as more light are added? Why?
- Burns out, the lights get much dimmer.