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- What is different about reproduction from all other functions of the body
- reproduction is not needed to sustain individual life
- What is a clone?
- a genetically identical cell or organism produced through asexual reproduction
- a genetically identical cell or organism produced through asexual reproduction
- clone
- what is binary fission?
- the process of prokaryotes dividing in two
- the process of prokaryotes dividing in two
- binary fission
- how does hydra reproduce?
- budding
- how does a flatworm reproduce?
- fragmentation
- What are the types of asexual reproduction
- binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction
- what is vegetative reproduction
- asexual reproduction in plants
- how does vegetative reproduction work?
- plants grow runners which grow along the ground and grow roots forming new plants
- How many chromosomes do humans have?
- 46
- Cells that carry a double set of chromosomes
- diploid
- what is a cell with just one set of chromosomes called?
- haploid
- for humans what is n?
- 23
- for humans what is 2n?
- 46
- if 2n = 8 how many chromosomes should you draw?
- 4 pairs
- what are two chromosomes with the same characteristics caused?
- homologous
- what is the exception to homologous pairs?
- sex cells
- What is the purpose of homologus pairs?
- to produce variation among species
- what are somatic cells?
- body cells
- what is another name for body cells?
- somatic cells
- what is a sex cell called when it does not contain all chromosomes and its purpose it to join with another haploid?
- gamete
- what is the female gamete?
- ovum
- how does fertilization work?
- the nuclei of the female and male gametes fuse to corm a zygote
- what is a zygote
- a diploid fertilized egg
- a diploid fertilized egg
- zygote
- In fungi and some plants, what kind of cells are formed by meiosis?
- spores
- what are prokaryotic cell walls made out of?
- lipids carbohydrates and protein
- describe the dna in a prokaryotic cell
-
one chromosome made of double stranded dna.
Chromosome is in the nucleoid which is attached to the plasma membrane
ALso contains DNA in plasmids (also attached to plasma membrane) - what is the nucloid?
- the area in the prokaryotic cell which contains the dna and is attached to the cell membrane
- what are plasmids
- small circular dna molecules attached to the plasma membrane
- what are the types of prokaryotes
- Coccus, Bascillus, Spirillum
- what are the shapes of prokaryotes?
- rod, sphere, corkscrew
- what are flagella?
- whiplike expensions that help propel the prokaryote
- what are flagella made of?
- protein
- What is an orgaelle
- any part of a eukaryotic cell that has its own structure and function and is enclosed by a membrane
- What are cell walls made of
- cellulose
- What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
- the cells genetic control center
- what is the genetic control center in a eukaryotic cell?
- the nucleus
- what surrounds the nuclus?
- nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
- what is the nuclear envelope?
- the membrane that surrounds the nucleus
- How is the DNA organized in the nucleus?
- single long dna molecule wrapped around a series of protein spools
- what is the nucleoli?
- the drops of concentrated RNA within the nucleus
- what is the cytoplasm?
- everything within the cell but outside the nucleus
- What is contained in the cytoplasm?
- the organelles and cytosol
- what is cytosol?
- protein rich semi-fluid material that surrounds and bathes the organelles
- What is the cytoskeleton?
- protein skeleton which allows the cells to move and change shape
- what is the cytoskeleton's function with respect of the organelles
- has the ability to move organelles around or hold them in place
- what is the cytoskeleton made out of?
- hollow microtubes, microfiliments, intermediate filaments
- how thick are hollow microtubes?
- 25 nm
- how thick are microfiliments?
- 5 nm
- how thick are intermediates?
- 10 nm
- where are ribosomes?
- scattered throughout the cell; attached to the ER
- what are ribosomes made out of?
- RNA and protein
- What do ribosomes do?
- catalyze the synthesis of a cell's protein
- What is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum
- connects many of the organelles; proteins synthesized in the ribosomes pass into ER as they are formed and are transported through the ER to the places where they are needed
- Where is the golgi apparatus?
- at the end of the Endoplasmic reticulum
- what is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
- membranous sacs
- what is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
- as material passes through the compartments of the golgi apparatus it is packagedin spherical membrane enclosed vesicles
- What are vesciles?
- membrane enclosed spheres that appear to pinch off the Golgi apparatus
- What is the purpose of vesciles?
- they can fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside of the cell, or to other organelles
- What are the components of the internal membrane system?
- the ER, the Golgi apparatus, and the vesicles
- Where are lysosomes
- in animal cells and some other eukaryotes
- What are Lysosomes
- special vesicles that contain enzymes that break down the cell's old macromolecules.
- Which thing within an cell fuses with the cell membrane letting material pass in and out?
- Lysosomes
- Where are vacoules present?
- in plant cells
- what are vacoules?
- vesicles that enlarge as the cell matures
- What do vacoules contain?
- water, organic acids, digestive enzymes, salts, pigments
- What are the two organelles that are involved in energy reactions
- mitochondria (animals) and chloroplasts (plants)
- What are the power plants of the cell?
- mitochondria
- What is ATP
- the storage of energy in animals
- What are centrioles
- tubular structures in cells of animals and some algae and fungi that participate in cell reproduction
- What is the shape of centrioles
- cylindrical bundles of microtubes
- What are the difference between flagella in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
- the flagella in eukaryotic cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane and the flagella in prokaryotic cells stick outside the plasma membrane
- how do flagella move?
- enzymes in microtubes provide energy for motion
- What are cilia
- short flagella
- what is the purpose of cilia?
- to move the cell, to move material alongside a cell
- Why are loud noises bad for the ear?
- break of the cilia in the ear
- What does differentiation do?
- creates different cells that have individual functions and appearances
- What is a specialized mass or layer of cells called?
- tissue
- what are different tissues organized into?
- organs
- How does the transport system in plants work?
- takes waters and minerals from the roots to where they are need in the leaves. Also caries food produced by the leaves in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
- Why are systems necessary in multicellular organisms?
-
1. Because of the division of labor among cells
2. individual cells cannot work together without coordination and regulation
3. cells do not come into contact with the outside environment - What are the levels of structure in the biosphere from largest to smallest
- Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom, subatomic particle
- What is eukaryotic cell division called?
- the cell cycle
- Why do cells want to divide
- so that it will have a better ratio of surface area to volume
- What is the purpose of mitosis?
- replace dead cells; growth; reproduction in unicellular organisms
- What is the period between cell divisions called?
- Interphase
- How are chromosomes structured when the cell is in interphase?
- chromosomes are chomatin which is unvisible in the nucleus
- what are the phases of the cell cycle?
- G1, S, G2, M
- What are cells when the are in G0?
- non-dividing
- what is R?
- the restriction point at which cells must continue the cell cycle and must divide
- why is it hard to repair damage to the brain or spiral colum?
- Because these cells rarely divide so the new cells can not be produced to be in place of the injured cells
- What happens during G1?
- cells grow and synthesized RNA, macromolecules and proteins and prepare for either the synthesis or mitosis phase
- What happens during synthesis?
- the DNA of each chromosome replicates to form an identical set of chromosomes
- What happens during G2?
- cell synthesizes RNA and proteins in preparation for mitosis
- What happens in mitosis?
- the nucleus divides in two
- what happens during cytokinesis?
- the whole cell divides in two
- what is it called when the whole cell divides in two?
- cytokinesis
- What is the chemical formula for what mitochondria do?
- C6H12O6+O2----> CO2+H2O+energy
- What is the chemical formula for what chloroplasts do?
- CO2+H20+Energy----->C6H12O6+O2
- What are the advantages to asexual reproduction
- only one organism, faster
- what are the disadvantages to asexual reproduction
- get all of one parents genes so if they had a problem it would be passed on; less advanced organisms because no natural selection
- Why do cells have internal membranes?
- Protection, division of labor
- what do all cells have in common?
- DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes