BILD 2 MidTerm

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What is IgG commonly found: It is found in the Anitibodies and Bloodstream
What role does FSH and LH play in the female reproductive system.: FSH stimulates the folicle
LH Produces Estrogen and matures the Folicle
What is the Germ Line theory?: The immune system is inherited from your parents
Where is the IgD commonly found?: It is found in the B-cells
What is the function of the Seroli Cell?: it Protects and nurishes the sperm
Define Sarcoma: A cancer which effects the dense tissurefibers (ie bone, muscles, and connective tissues).
What is the Cell that protects and nurishes the sperm?: The Sertoli Cell
What are the three types of sexual reproduction?: Ovipariety; Viviparity; Ovoviviparity
Where do the Sperm learn to swim?: Epididymus
What are the four types of Asexual reproduction?: Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Parthenogenesis
What is the pathways of developement for the Ovum?: Primortial germ cell
Matures into a oogonium
undergoes Mitosis
Primary Oocyte
undergoes Meiosis I
Secondary Oocyte & 1st PolarBody
undergoes Meiosis II
Ovum & Secondary PolarBody
What are the parts of the Innate Immune system's first line of defense?: 1) Skin (epithelia) ~ physical barrier
2) Saliva and tears ~ they contain lysosomes which eat foriegn matter
3) Somach Acidity
What are the three ways of treating cancer?: 1)Cut it out surgically
2)Kill it with radiation
3)Kill it with chemicals
What is the type of cancer which effects the blood cells?: Leukemia
What are the causes of Cancer?: Viruses; X-rays; UV radiation; Mutation
What is the Somatic Theory?: That immunity is develope in a part of your body.
What is the second line of defense in the innate immune system?: Endocytosis with the use of Phagocytes (more specifically Macrophages)
What secretes histamines?: Basophylls and Mast Cells
What are the two types of tumors and what do they mean?: Benign = noninvasive
Malignant = invasive/metastasis/moves
Define Pyrogenes: Part of the inflammitory response, they provide a fever response.
What is the definition of cancer?: When cells break the rules of production and growth
Define Endocrine glands: Ductless glands that secrete directly into the blood.
Where is the IgM found?: Antibodies and the blood stream
The ant. portion of the pituitary gland scretes two types of hormones. What are they?: Tropic Hormones which control other glands
Non Tropic Hormones which which act directly on the cells.
Where is IgA commonly found?: Protecing the epithelial structures
Define Exocrine glands: Ducted glands that go to the outside of the body
What are the components of Lymphocytes: There are B-cells and T-Cells
What provides the sperm with testosterone?: The Leydig Cells
How does the sperm break throught the egg?: It uses the acrosome at the tip of the sperm.
What is special about the pituitary gland?: It has two parts. Anterior and Posterior
Define Carcinoma: The cancer of the epithelia cells (ie skin cells; inner organs; and glands)
What is structure of the antibody comprised of?: It contains two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Both have a variable part and a constant part.
The Adrenal Gland produces wha two properties?: Epinephrine which causes flight or fight reaction
Cortico Steroids.
What is the name of the cancer which effects the dense tissure fibers?: Sarcoma
What are the five hallmarks of Cancer?: T - Tissue invasion/metastasis
A - Avoidance of Apoptosis
I - Independance of Cell Regulation
L - Limitless replication potential
S - Sustained Angiogenesis
Define Leukemia: The Cancer of the blood
What were the examples given of non-tropic hormones?: Growth hormones
Enkephlans
Endorphines
Define a Spermatogonia: It is what the primortial germ cell matures into.
Define the Oviparity: Egglaying
Define Lymphoma: The caner which effects the lymphatic system
What are the two components of the adaptive/cell mediated immune response?: Lymphocytes and Antigens
What are the five classes of Immunogloblins?: IgM, IgE, IgG, IgA, IgD
Define Autocrine: A self activating duct.
Define Cytokines: Part of the inflammitory response, they send out beacons for phagocytes
How many copies of the mutated gene do you need to have a tumor in Tumor Suppresors, and why?: You need two because this is the loss of function of cell death.
Define palpatation: Touch
What are some strategies adopted by viruses.: Drift and shift = move and mutated
Latency = lay dormant until host has lowered immunity.
Tumors are said to be clonal. What does that mean?: The mass of cells all came from one single cell being replicated/ Cloned
Tumors are said to be heterogenous. What does that mean?: they are mutated in many ways
What is the name of the cancer which effects the lymphatic system?: Lymphoma
define an epitope: An epitope is the finger print of a cell upon which T-Cells inspect each cell.
What is the difference between MHCI and MHCII?: MHCI is found in all cells, uses the CD8 co-receptor, and flags down cytotoxins (T killer cells)
MHCII is found in B-cells and Macrophages, uses the CD4 co-receptor, and uses T helper cells which allows Antibodies to be made.
What is the third line of defense in the innate immune system: Inflammitory
1) Cytokines send out beacons for Phagocytes
2) Pyrogenes provide a fever response
3) Histomines Increasing blood flow and # of phagocytes
What component of a sperm provides the energy to swim?: The mitochondria at the base of the tail
Where is the IgE commonly found?: The GI tract and the airways.
When the Follicle burst what does it release?: The Secondary Oocyte
What is the pathway of spermatogenesis?: Primortial Germs Cell
matures to a SPERMATOGONIA
undergoes Mitosis
Primary Spermatocyte
undergoes Meiosis I
Secondary Spermatocyte
undergoes Meiosis II
Spermatids
What are the two genes that give rise to cancer?: Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
Define Paracrine glands: A gland which effects neighbors
Define Negative Selection and what is it used for?: This selects everything that is not signaling. This is used to telling the immune system of what is yours and what isn'. The body kills all T and B cells which register when one is young.
What is the name of the cancer which effects the epithelia cells?: Carcinoma
What does the Antibodies do to fight invaders?: 1) Neutralize the Toxins by finding the active site and breaking it
2) Opsonization - which is flaging down phagocytes.
What happens to the burst follicle?: It forms a Corpus Luteum which releases progesterone(Preventing the sheding of the endometrium).
Difine Ovoviviparity: All the nurishment comes from a closed egg like structure yet it is housed in the mother for added protection.
Where does the sperm mature?: The Semineferous tubules
How many copies of the mutated gene do you need to have a tumor in Protooncogenes, and why?: You only need one because it gains the function of limitless replication.
FSH and LH are examples of what type of hormone?: Tropic
What are the two sub sets of vivparity?: Marsupials and placentals
What is the Leydig cell responsible for?: It provides testosterone for the sperm.
What are the factors of making up the variable portion of an antibody?: Varible section, Diversity Section, the joining section, and then the constant part
What is the role of FSH and LH in the male reproductive system?: FSH stimulates Sertoli
LH stimulates Leydig
What is the definition of Contact inhibition?: When a normal cell comes into contact with another cell it stops growing.

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Number of cards 72