Azzurraazza 6
Terms
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- Levels of Organization
-
1) Chemical level- Atoms combine to form molecules
2) Cellular level- Cells are made up of molecules
3) Tissue level- Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
4) Organ level- Organs are made up of different types of tissues
5) Organ system level- Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
6) Organismal level- The human organism is made up many organ systems. - Organic Compounds
-
-Form many covalent bonds
-Several Functional Groups (Table 2.5)
-Defined as
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
MACROMOLECULES -
Organic compounds
Macromolecules= -
They are large organic molecules
-Essential for body structure and function.
There are four macromolecules
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acid -
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Many functions?
General Structure?
Three major groups? -
Many functions?
-Provides Energy and Structure
General Structure? (CH2O) 2:1 H:O ratio
Polar because they can dissolve in water/ so they tend to be hydrophilic.
Hydrophilic- Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Three major groups based on size.
-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides - 3 Types of Carbohydrates
-
1) Monosaccharides
2) Disaccharides
3) Polysaccharides -
Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides= -
-Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, & deoxyribose.
-Building blocks
-Energy
*They are used for energy as we break them down to produce ATP
Structure- Un grande circolo con il "C" in torno. -
Carbohydrates
2nd type
DISACCHARIDES: -
- Formed by dehydration synthesis
-Broken down by hydrolysis
We need to break it down in water.
hydrolysis- Decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water
*Simple sugars are both monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Combine 2 monosaccharides (Quindi due circoli attacato da H2O) -Disaccharides synthesis. -
Carbohydrates
Example of Disaccharides-
Producing / Breaking down Carbs= -
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
(2 OH che vengono insieme per creare H2O)
------> With Dehydration Synthesis = Sucrose
-----------------------------
SUCROSE
( E' H2O che deve essere rotto per creare 2 OH)
-----> With Hydrolysis
=Glucose + Fructose
-
Carbohydrates
Example of Disaccharides-
What happens when you combine 2 monosaccharides together?
-
-Dehydration synthesis
⬢ glucose & fructose = sucrose
⬢ glucose & galactose = lactose
⬢ glucose & glucose = maltose -
Disaccharides
-Dehydration Synthesis
-
It is a type of condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (-OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O).
For example, A-OH + B-H → AB + HOH -
Disaccharides- Dehydration synthesis
#1
Glucose & Fructose=
-
Sucrose -
Disaccharides- Dehydration synthesis
#2
Glucose & Galactose=
- Lactose
-
Disaccharides- Dehydration synthesis
#3
Glucose & Glucose= - Maltose
-
Carbohydrates
3rd type
POLYSACCHARIDES = -
-Large number of glucose monomers
-Plants
Starch
Cellulose
-Animals
Glycogen:
that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals and occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs. Also called animal starch. -
Organic Compound
Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)
2nd type: LIPIDS
-
Similar to Carbohydrates
-Contains C,H,O
-But no ratio 2;1 ratio, H:O
So they are non polar which makes them hydrophobic. Hydrophobic doesn't dissolve in water.
-Many types found in body -
Hydrophobic=
Hydrophilic= -
Hydrophobic doesn't dissolve in water.
Hydrophilic- does dissolve in water -
Organic Compound
2nd type: LIPIDS
Types of lipids found in the body -
-Triglycerides
-Phospholipids -
Types of lipids found in the body
(Triglycerides / Phospholipids)
Triglycerides=
-
Most plentiful lipid
-Neutral fat
Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Monounsaturated isn't balanced at room temp.
Saturated is always a solid at room temp
Purpose: is energy storage
Provides protection and temp -
Types of lipids found in the body
(Triglycerides / Phospholipids)
Phospholipids=
-
Make up cell membranes
-Has both polar and nonpolar components
Function: A cell has water on the inside and outside so we need a barrier so both waters are separate..That's what Phospholipids do. THey can be polar or nonpolar.
(They are the ones that have a head and tail on each side of the cell wall in the picture) There is H2O inside and out and it's called a bilayer.
---O I O----
The head is polar and the tail is nonpolar - Selective Barrier =
- When certain things can be let out and other are kept inside
-
Organic Compound
Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)
2nd type: LIPIDS
Other Lipids= -
-Steroids
Bile salts
Cholesterol
Sex hormones
-Lipoproteins -
Organic Compound
Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)
3rd type: PROTEINS
-
Combinations of 20 amino acids
- Contains C,H,O, & N. (Nitrogen)
512-18% of body weight
Proteins have many functions
-Structural: Example- Collagen
-Transport: Example- Hemoglobin
-Catalysts: Enzymes
-Example: Lactase
Function Determined by structure. - Proteins have many functions
-
-Structural: Example- Collagen
-Transport: Example- Hemoglobin
-Catalysts: Enzymes
-Example: Lactase
Function Determined by structure. -
Proteins:
Combination of 20 animo acids.
-Peptide Bonds
-Polypeptides -
Peptide Bonds- 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond
Polypeptides: 10 to 2000 aa's
Meaning: Two or more amino acids come together to form dipeptides. The bond that holds them together is called Peptide bond. One Amino acid has a OH and the other has a H. When they form a dipeptide some water is released. The Peptide bond is formed from the C and N. (Non penso che e' importnte) -
Levels of structural organization in proteins
A) Primary Structure
B) Secondary structure
C) Tertiary Structure
D) Quaternary Structure -
A) Primary Structure- A1- A2- A3- A4
Forming amino acids (Change can hurt the form and not work properly)
B) Secondary structure- Formed by hydrogen bonds which are very weak and can be very sensitive to temp changes and PH.
PH- A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity.
It can break down and change shape and not function anymore. PH and heat is vital for Homeostasis
C) Tertiary Structure - 3D structure of molecules.
D) Quaternary Structure- Most large proteins are made up of many polypeptides.
combination of 2 or more polypeptides.
C) Tertiary Structure -
-
Proteins have many functions
-Structural: Example- Collagen
-Transport: Example- Hemoglobin
-Catalysts: Enzymes
ENZYMES-
-
Proteins= Biological catalysis
-Lower activation energy
Highly specific
-Activate site for specific substrate
They are highly specific because of the binding site..Key and hole. Heat is important so there isn't a change.
Highly efficient under optimal conditions
-Temperature and pH