Microbiology Test 1
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- What is the Primary Stain used in Gram staining?
- Crystal Violet
- What is the Counterstain used in Gram staining?
- Safranin
- What decolorizes the Gram ( - ) bacteria?
- Alcohol
- How does the decolorizing agent work?
- Washes out the stain through holes in the Gram ( - ) lipid bilayer
- What is the Mordant in Gram staining?
- Grams iodine
- During the Primary Stain application, what bacterium is stained?
- Both Gram ( - ) and Gram ( + )
- What is the purpose of air drying?
- Kills the bacteria
- What is the purpose of heat fixing?
- Adheres bacteria to slide
- What is the function of Teichoic Acid?
- Heat resistance for gram positive
- Will a cell burst in a hypotonic solution? Why or why not?
- It would swell but not burst (Osmotic Lysis)
- What happens to bacteria in a hypertonic solution?
- Crenate /Shrink (Plasmolysis)
- What is an action that bacteria will take under unfavorable conditions as a survival mechanism?
- Endospore formation
- The cell types that lack a membrane bound nucleus are the _____.
- Prokaryotes
- The cells that have a true nucleus _____.
- Eukaryotes
- Bacteria that have flagella all around the cell are _____.
- Peritrichous
- What organelle can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- Ribosomes
- Antibiotics designed to disrupt protein synthesis will act on ____.
- 70S Ribosomes
- Bacteria with a tuft of flagella on both ends is called ____.
- Amphitrichous
- The mode of action of Vancomycin is ________.
- By inhibiting peptidoglycan.
- The only organelle present in all organisms except viruses is the ______.
- Mitochondria
- Alexander Flemming is credited with the discovery of ______.
- Penicillin
- What is a rod shaped bacteria?
- Bacillus
- What is a spiral shaped bacteria?
- Spirilla
- What is a round bacteria?
- Coccus
- What is a chain like bacteria?
- Strepto
- What is a cluster like bacteria?
- Staph
- What is a paired bacteria?
- Diplo
- What is the science of classifying organisms?
- Taxonomy
- What is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms?
- Systematics or Phylogeny
- What are the three domains?
- Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
- What is a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves?
- Eukaryotic species
- What is a population of cells with similar characteristics?
- Prokaryotic species
- What is a clone?
- A population of cells derived from a single cell.
- What is a strain?
- Genetically different cells within a clone.
- What is a viral species?
- A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche.
- What do you call a neatly organized glycocalyx?
- Capsule
- What is a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loose?
- Slime layer
- What are the parts of the flagella?
- Filament, hook, basal body.
- What is a bacteria with only one flagella?
- Monotrichous
- What proteins make up flagella?
- H antigens
- What part allows attachment?
- Fimbriae
- What part is used to transfer DNA?
- Pili
- What is peptidoglycan made of?
- NAG and NAM, linked by polypeptides.
- Which has more lipids? Gram (-) or Gram (+)?
- Gram (+)
- What does Penicillin do to a cell?
- Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
- What does lysozyme do to a cell?
- Digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
- What is a called when a membrane allows passage to some molecules?
- Selective permeability
- What is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
- Simple diffusion
- What is it called when a solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane?
- Facilitative diffusion
- What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration?
- Osmosis
- What is osmotic pressure?
- The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across a membrane.
- How much of the cytoplasm is water?
- 80%
- What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have?
- 70S
- What do inclusions do?
- Act as energy reserves.
- What resistance does a bacteria gain in endospore formation?
- Desiccation, heat, chemicals.
- What is sporulation?
- Endospore formation
- What is germination?
- The return to vegetative state.