Chem. Test #2
Terms
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- Nucleic Acids
- located in chromosomes; compounds that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous (P), nitrogen and two types of nucleic acids
- DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid; found in nucleus fo cell and does not live; hereditary info. that is passed from parentto offspring during sexual or asexual reproduction; double helix
- pyrimiding
- a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (nitrogen atoms tend to take up H+ from a solution, which explains the terms nitrogenous BASE
- exs: of pyramidine
- cytosine, thymine and uracil (u=only RNA)
- purine
- larger with 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered rind; more complicated
- exs: of purine
- adenine and guanine
- complementary bases
- only adenine and thymine pair up with one another; only guanine and cytosing pair up with one another
- RNA
- Ribonucleic acid; found in the nucleus and cytoplams of the cell; responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins)
- proteins
- found in muscles; very large, complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; some may contain sulfur; found in living organisms
- proteins make up...
-
...muscles
...bones
...hormones(insulin)
...antibodies (protect us against diseases
...enzymes (allow chemical reactions to take place) - amino acids (monomer)
- the building blocks of proteins; 20 common amino acids
- peptide bond
- the bond between two amino acids; two aa can be bonded together through dehydration synthesisp; bond that forms between the amino group of one aa and the carboxyl group of another; result-->polypeptide or dipeptide
- polypeptide (polymer)
- a long, thin chain of aa that forms as a result of dehydration synthesis; all proteins are made up of at least 1 polypeptide chain...hundreds of chains are coinled and folded into specific conformations
- shape of proteins
-
globular-->globs twisted on itself
fibrous
*****SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION***** - Fibrous proteins
- normal sequence of aa replaced w/ 1 wrong cell; secondary structure-->coil or pleat
- globular proteins
- tertiary structure of proteins; quaternary structure of proteins
- quaternary structure of proteins ex:
- collagen in body (strength lessens as age increases)
- quaternary structure of proteins
- multiple tertiary polypeptide chains together to form one functioning protein
- tertiary structure of proteins
- coil coils on itself
- denaturation
- if the pH, salt concentration, temperature or other parts of its environment are altered, the proteins may unravel and lose its shape; causes protein to be biologically inactive (not work at all or a little bit(properly))
- enzyme
- protein substances that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells; speed up chemical reactions
- catalyst
- a substance that brings about a reaction withouot being changed itself; enzymes are organic catalysts
- substrate
- the substance the enzyme acts upon; usually ends in -ase
- endings:
-
-ase=substrate
-ose=sugar
-aa=ine
-asa=enzyme - pepsin
- stomach acid; usually breaks down proteins; trypsin-in small intestine and deals w/ proteins
- active site
- where chemical reactions occur; where enzyme and substrate meet
- types of fits:
-
lock and ket
induced fit - cofactors
- many enzymes require nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity
- ex: of cofactors
- zinc, iron, copper (elements); have an inorganic bond to active site of enzyme as permanent residents
- coenzyme
- works together with enzyme
- ex: coenzyme
- carrots, vitamins,Vitamin A
- enzyme inhibitors
- certain chemicals selectively inhibit the action of a specific enzyme; to interfere with ability to function, and doesn't function
- Exs of enzyme inhibitors
-
poisons-->DDT (key enzymes are inhibited) in nervous system
anitbiotics-->specific enzyme in bacteria so that bacteria cannot grow and reproduce - glycosidic bond
- how simple sugars are held together; a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a hydration reaction
- disaccharide
- the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides)by dehydration synthesis
- polysarrcharide
- a few hundred --> a few thousand simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunites with gyycosidic bonds
- ex: of disaccharides
-
maltose (malt sugar in beer)-->glucose + glucose
sucrose (table sugar)-->glucose + fructose
lactose (milk suagar)-->glucose + galactose - function of polysaccharides
- provide stored energy; building material to provide structure to cell
- cellulose
-
the polysaccharide plants produce to build strong materials (cell walls); polymer of glucose monomersl impt. form of fiber in diet to prevent constipation--> enzyme to break fown cellulose-->not possessed by humans;
ex: outer shell of corn, celery stuff that you just chew and chew; cows have bacteria in gut that helps them break down cellulose in grass - lipid
- an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
- function of lipids
- part of cell structure and serve as reserve energy-->insulin or act as protective coating (ear wax); nonpolar; less O2 atoms in lipids than carbs; hydrophobic
- monosaccharide
- simplest carb; "simple sugar"
- chitin
- the polysaccharide used by arthropods (spiders, insects --> anything with exoskeleton) for formation of exoskeleton; polymer made from monomer of glucose with added nitrogen to molecules
- starch
- a polymer consisting of glucose monomers that forms a helix shape is stored energy in plants (released by hydrolysis)
- synthesis of fat
- a molecule of fat is formed by the dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glucose molecule