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- orthomyxovirus
- influenza, RNA virus
- paramyxoviruses
- mumps, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, syncytia formation-cytopathic, RNA virus
- croup
- acute laryngotracheobronchitis, parainfluenza virus
- nuclear bag and chain fibers
- two main types of intrfusal fibers that are encapsulated in sheaths to form muscle spindles
- extrafusal fibers
- fibers that make up the bulk of the muscle, innervated by alpha-motor neurons, provide the force for muscle contraction
- intrafusal fibers
- are encapsulated in sheaths to form muscle spindles, innervated by gamma-motor neurons
- nuclear bag fibers
- detect fast, dynamic changes in muscle length. innervated by group Ia afferents (fastest in the body)
- nuclear chain fibers
- detect static changes in muscle length, innervated by the slower group II afferents
- beta-amylase
- converts starch to maltose and dextrins
- glucamylase
- converts starch to glucose
- testosterone
- formed by interstitial cells of Leydig which lie in the space between the seminiferous tubules
- most prominent functional component in the tunica media of small arteries
- smooth muscle cells
- most prominent functional component in the tunica media of large arteries
- elastic fibers
- vasa vasorum
- small nutrient vessels that supply the large vessels (arteries and veins) with nourishment since their walls are too thick to be nourished by diffusion from the blood in the vessel
- tunica externa or adventitia
- thin outermost layer serves to attach the vessel to the surrounding tissue, contains vasa vasorum
- mandible and the maxilla mostly formed by
- intramembranous ossification
- Hunter-Schreger bands
- alternating light and dark lines seen in dental enamel that begin at teh DEJ and end before they reach the enamel surface. represent areas of enamel rods cut in cross-section dispersed between areas of rods cut longitudinally
- enamel tufts
- fan-shaped, hypocalcified structures of enamel rods that project from the DEJ into the enamel proper (fxn unknown)
- enamel spindles
- elongated odontoblastic processes (hair-like) that traverse the DEJ from the underlying odontoblast, may serve as pain receptors
- enamel lamellae
- defects in the enamel resembling cracks or fractures which traverse the entire length of the crown from the surface to the DEJ, contain mostly organic material and may provide an area for decay (bacterial) to enter
- middle ear (tympanic) cavity communicates anteriorly with the nasopharynx via the
- eustachian (auditory) tube aka pharyngotympanic tube
- eustachian tube
- serves to equalize air pressure in the tympanic cavity and the nasopharynx
- middle eary
- contains 3 small bones (ossicles) malleus the hammer stapes the stirrup and incus the anvil, also two muscles stapedius and tensor tympani
- cartilaginous bar of the first branchial arch is
- meckel's cartilage (mandibular cartilage)
- a typical branchial arch contains
- an artery, a cartilagionous bar or rod, a muscular component, and a nerve
- first arch cartilage (meckel's cartilage)
- closely related to teh developing middle ear, becomes ossifed to form the malleus and incus of the middle ear
- second arch cartilage
- reichert's cart, form stapes of the middle ear and the styloid process of the temporal bone
- thrid arch cartilage
- become hyoid bone
- fourth and sixth cartilage
- fuse to form laryngeal cartilages, except for epiglottis
- meckels' cartilagee
- not participating in the formation of any part of the mandible, fate is dissolution with minor contributions to ossification, first arch cart
- nerves that innervate TMJ
- auriculotemporal, masseteric, deep temporal n
- gingival fibers are found
- in the free gingiva
- thrombocytopenia
- persistent decrease in the number of blood platelets that is often associated with hemorrhagic conditions -- called also thrombopenia
- thrombus
- a clot of blood formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin
- embolus
- an abnormal particle (as an air bubble) circulating in the blood
- Vegetations on the heart valves in acute bacterial endocarditis usually consist of
- fused platelets, fibrin and masses of bacteria.
- polycythemia
- a condition marked by an abnormal increase in the number of circulating red blood cells
- leukopenia
- a condition in which the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood is abnormally low
- leukocytosis
- an increase in the number of white blood cells in the circulating blood
- pheochromocytoma
- a tumor that is derived from chromaffin cells (of adrenal medulla) and is usually associated with paroxysmal or sustained hypertension
- oat cell carcinoma
-
small-cell lung cancer
cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs, tends to metastasize to other parts of the body, and is characterized by small round or oval cells resembling oat grains and having a high ratio of nuclear protoplasm to cytoplasm - paget's dz of bone
- common in elderly, inclease in serum alkaline phosphatase, normal calcium and phosphorous, abn bone architecture
- lobar pneumonia
- a diffuse, inflammatory distribution
- bronchopneumonia
- a patchy, inflammatory distribution
- The most common malignancy found in bones of the human skeleton is
- metastatic carcinoma
- Vitamin K is necessary for
- formation of prothrombin (Factor 11).
- The most common cause for megaloblastic anemia is
- lack of dietary folic acid
- Vitamin A functions to
- promote differentiation of epithelial cells.
- pellagra
- a disease marked by dermatitis, gastrointestinal disorders, mental disturbance, and memory loss and associated with a diet deficient in niacin and protein
- osteopetrosis
- failure of osteoclasitc activity, increased density of bones
- output of the cerebellum is excitatory, basal ganglia are inhibitory (use GABA as neurotransmitter)
- GABA synthesized from glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase
- which introcular structure controls the amount of light that enters the eye by opening and closing like the aperture of a camera lens?
- iris
- the size of the pupil is controlled by the
- papillary sphincter muscle which opens and closes iris
- capillary pressure
- pressure of the blood within the capillaries, it tends to force fluid out of the capillaries and into the tissue spaces by filtration thru the capillary walls
- colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid
- tends to draw water out of the capillaries by osmosis
- interstitial fluid pressure
- pressure of the interstitial fluid and it opposes the capillary pressure, tends to move fluid out of the tissue spaces and into the capillaries
- colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma (=oncotic pressure)
- opposes the coolid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid and this oncotic pressure tends to draw water into the capillaries by osmosis
- atelectasis
- collapse of the expanded lung
- pneumothorax
- a condition in which air or other gas is present in the pleural cavity and which occurs spontaneously as a result of disease or injury of lung tissue
- parenteral
- situated or occurring outside the intestine <parenteral drug administration by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection>;
- ethylene oxide
- slow process (10-16 hrs), does not damage heat sensitive material, irreversibly inactivating cellular DNA and proteins
- which ms of the soft palate draws the soft palate down to the tongue, closing the oropharyngeal isthmus?
- palatoglossus
- celiac trunk
-
1. hepatic artery- liver, upper pancreas, duodenum and gallbladder
2. left gastric artery- stomach, esophagus
3. splenic artery- spleen, stomach, and omentum - facial vein
- has no vlaves and a backflow can cause an infection to get into the dural sinuses through deep facial vein (via pterygoid plexus) and superior opthalmic vein (via cavernous sinus)
- deep facial vein
- communication between the facial vein and the pterygoid plexus
- superior opthalmic vein
- communication between the facial vein and the cavernous sinus
- which enzyme produced by Group A streptococci (S pyogens) activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which dissolves fibrin in clots, thrombi, and emboli?
- streptokinase
- streptolysin O
- hemolysin that is inactivated by oxidation (it is oxygen-labile) it is also antigenic
- streptolysin S
- hemolysin that is not inactivated by oxygen (it is oxygen-stabile), it is not antigenic