board I
Terms
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- histamin
-
vasodilator
contraction of smooth muscle
stimulate gastric acid secretion - heparin
- anticoagulant
- antihistamine
-
vasoconstrictor
relax smooth muscle
lessen gastric acid secretion - diaphoresis
- perspiration
- dyspnea
- difficult or labored breathing
- orthopnea
- difficulty in breathing that occurs when lying down
- inotropic
- force of muscular contractions
- hydrocortisone (coritsol)
- a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex upon stimulation by ACTH that mediates various metabolic processes (as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosupressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress
- addison's dz
- primary deficiency of adrenocortical secretion (cortisol) characterized by extreme weakness, loss of weight, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal disturbances, and brownish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes
- grave's dz
- a common form of hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter and often a slight protrusion of the eyeballs
- Hering-Breuer reflex
- prevents overinflation of the lungs, mediated by vagus nerve
- J receptors
- located in alveolar walls, when stimulated, cause rapid shallow breathing
- CO2
- most impt stimulus for the respiratory control center
- mantle dentin
- dentin right next to DEJ (most peripheral layer of dentin) , first layer of dentin formed
- tome's fiber
- odontoblastic cytoplasmic cell process
- glycosaminoglycans
- heteropolysaccharides
- chondroitin sulfate
- most abundant glycosaminoglycan
- Bain·bridge reflex
- initiated by an excess amt of blood returning to right atrium, increases heart rate. sensitive to pressure and stretch
- positive afterpotential
- after the AP is over, the memb becomes even more negative than original resting memb potential, due to potassium channels remaining open after repolarization
- RNA non-enveloped
- enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, reoviruses, hepatitis A
- enterovirus
- poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses
- reoviruses
- rotavirus, causes viral gastroenteritis in young children
- hepatitis A
- causes infectious hepatitis
- RNA enveloped viruses
- respiratory viruses, measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis C viruses
- RNA enveloped
- respiratory viruses, measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis C viruses, rabies virus and HIV
- DNA enveloped viruses
- herpes viruses, poxviruses, hepatitis B virus
- DNA non-enveloped viruses
- adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses
- vertebral arteries
- branches of the subclavians
- basilar artery
- two vertebral arteris converge to become this and supplies the posterior brain
- brain supply of blood
- two vertebral and two carotid
- internal carotids
- this becomes anterior and middle cerebral arteries
- circle of willis
- formed by posterior cerebral (br of basilar artery), posterior communicating (br of internal carotid), internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and anterior communicating (br of internal carotid) arteries.
- ophthalmic artery
- arises from the internal carotid artery and follows the optic nerve thru the optic foramen to enter the orbit
- suprahyoid muscles
- digastric (anterior belly and posterior), mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid
- infrahyoid
- omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
- posterior belly of digastric
- innervated by VII
- stylohyoid
- innervated by VII
- geniohyoid
- fibers of C1 carried by the hypoglossal nerve
- round ligament of the uterus
- found normally in the inguinal canal of the female, it is a fibromuscular band attached to the uterus on either side infront and below the opening of the fallopian tube.
- parturition
- the action or process of giving birth to offspring
- superior vena cava
- a large vein formed by union of the two brachiocephalic veins, no valve
- inferior vena cava
- has a non-functioning valve
- brachiocephalic vein
- formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian vein
- cephalic vein
- drains venous blood from the radial side to the antebrachium and brachium into the subclavian vein
- brachial vein
- drains venous blood from deep antebrachial regions and brachial regions into axillary vein
- subclavian vein
- receives from the external jugular vein and the transverse cervical chain
- two terminal branches of internal thoracic artery
- superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
- internal thoracic artery
- arise from the first part of the subclavian artery
- posterior intercostal arteries
- arise from the thoracic aorta
- inferior epigastric artery
- branch of the external iliac artery
- alveolar process
- part of the maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the sockets of the teeth
- alveolar ventilation
- respiratory rate X (tidal volume - Dead space)
- dead space
- no gas exchange takes place, ex: nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
- respiratory rate
- breaths/min
- minute ventilation
- tidal volume x breaths/min
- anisotropic
- exhibiting properties with different values when measured in different directions
- isotropic
- exhibiting properties (as velocity of light transmission) with the same values when measured along axes in all directions
- A bands
- dark bands, anisotropic, myosin (thick)
- I bands
-
lighter bands, isotropic,
actin (thin) - cholecystokinin
- produced by the duodenal mucosa when food arrives in dodenum, stimulates gall bladder contraction and relaxation of Oddi's sphincter
- pterygopalatine ganglion
- receives preganglionic para fibers from facial nerve by way of the greater petrosal nerve. sends postgang para to lacrimal gland, palate, nose
- lack of vitamin k
- tendency to bruise and bleed
-
lack of vit B 12 (cobalamin /
cyanocobalamin) - pernicious anemia
- pemphigus
- makes antibodies against their own desmosome protein
- filiform papillae
- absence of taste buds and increased keratinization, most numerous
- anterior two-thirds of the tongue
- receive sensory form lingual nerve (V3) and taste sensation from chorda tympani (VII)
- posterior one-third of tongue
- receive both general and taste sensation from glossopharyngeal nerve
- extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
- innervated by the hypoglossal nerve XII, except for the palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by the vagus nerve X
- palatoglossus muscle
- innervated by the vagus nerve X, one of the extrinsic muscles
- extrinsic muscles of tongue
- genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
- intrinsic muscles of tongue
- superior longitudinal, inf longitudinal, transverse, vertical
- pectinate muscles
- prominent ridges of atrial myocardium
- left vagus gives rise to
- left recurrent laryngeal n.
- duodenum
- retroperitoneal
- duodenum's blood supply
- superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery
- vit C
- ascorbic acid, antioxidant, a cofactor required for the hydorxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
- pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
- prominent in tissues actively carrying out the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids, ATP not directly involved in PPP
- pentose phosphate pathway
- major role of this pathway to produce NADPH for reductive biosynthetic reactions (fatty acid synt) and to produce essential pentoses (D-ribose)used in biosynthesis of nucleic acids
- stra·bis·mus
- inability of one eye to attain binocular vision with the other because of imbalance of the muscles of the eyeball, lesion of abducens nerve
- cross-eye
- strabismus in which the eye turns inward toward the nose
- substantia gelatinosa
- acts to integrate sensory stimuli that gives rise tot he sensations of heat and pain, posterior horn of gray matter of the spinal cord, gate controller in the pain gate theory
- substantia nigra
- destruction of this leads to parkinson's dz
- behcet's syndrome
- a chronic, relapsing inflammatory dz that can produce recurring painful mouth sores, skin blisters, genital sores, and swollen joints, formation of pus-like fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye, pyodermas (pus-producing dz of skin)
- ankylosing spondylitis
- a CT dz charac by an inflamm of the spine and large joints, resulting in stiffness and pain
- reiter's syndrome
- an inflam of the joints and tendon attachments at the joints, often accompanied by inflam of the eye's conjunctiva and the mucous memb (mouth, urinary tract,etc) and by a distinctive rash
- polyarteritis nodosa
- a dz in which segments of medium-sized arteries become inflamed and damaged, reducing the blood supply to the organs they supply
- polymyalgia rheumatica
- a condition causing severe pain and stiffness in the muscles of the neck, shoulders, and hips
- uvea
- the middle layer of the eye consisting of the iris and ciliary body together with the choroid coat
- uveitis
- inflam of the uveal tract of the eye, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
- GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
- has the ability to enhance the release of insulin in response to infusions of glucose
- secretin
- it is released in response to acid (HCL) in the small intestine and stimulates the pancreas to release a flood of bicarbonate base, which neutralizes the acid
- gastric inhibitory peptide
- secreted from duodenum, inhibits gastric acid secretion (HCL) and motility and potentiates release of insulin from beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose concentration
- multiple myeloma
- plasma cell cancer in the bone marrow, large amt of Abs accumulate in blood or urine, assoc w/ presence of Bence Jones protein in the urine
- fibrinogen
- a plasma protein that is produced in the liver and is converted into fibrin during blood clot formation
- tetany
- a condition of physiological calcium imbalance that is marked by intermittent tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles and is associated with deficiencies of parathyroid secretion or other disturbances (as vitamin D deficiency)
- DiGeorge's syndrome
- a rare congenital disease that is characterized especially by absent thymus (so T-cell deficiency)and parathyroid glands, heart defects, immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, and characteristic facial features (as wide-set eyes, small jaws, and low-set ears,
- uncompensated acidosis
- 10:1 ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid
- normal blood bicarbonate-carbonic acid ratio
- 20:1
- alkylosis
- pH of blood above normal, results in overexcitability of the CNS may lead to tetany, treated by ingesting ammonium chloride
- acidosis
- pH of blood below normal, CNS depressed, disorientation, comatose, treated by ingesting sodium bicarbonate
- nucleosome
- repeating subunits of chromatin, consisting of a DNA chain coiled around a core of histones
- histones are small proteins that are positively charged at physiological pH due to their high content of which two amino acids?
- arginine and lysine
- calcium binds to troponin C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational change in troponin that permits the interaction between actin and myosin
- after calcium binds with troponin, tropomyosin molecules move from its blocking position permitting actin and myosin to interact
- en·tero·gas·trone
- a hormone that is held to be produced by the duodenal mucosa and to inhibit gastric motility and secretion
- external carotid artery terminal branches
-
1. superficial temporal art
2. maxillary artery - internal carotid artery terminal branches
- anterior and middle cerebral arteries
- common carotid bifurcate at
- thyroid cartilage
- carotid body
- chemoreceptor
- carotid sinus
- baroreceptor
- aponeurosess
- tendons that take the form of broad, thin sheets
- sharpey's fibers
- the attaching fibers of a tendon or ligament to the bone, periosteal collagen fibers penetrate the bone matrix binding the periosteum to the bone
- cartilage
- precursor to endochondrial bone
- anaphylatoxins
- C3a and C5a
- histamine
- causes increased capillary permability, increased gastric secretion, bronchiolar constriction, fall in blood pressure, resp for principla symptoms of anaphylaxis
- prozone
- the portion of the range of concentration of antibody-antigen mixtures in which one of them although present in excess does not produce its characteristic effect (as agglutination or precipitation)