9-28-06 lecture
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- Nervous System is organized into two classifications, what are they?
-
Structural classification and
Functional classification - Structural classification consists of what two systems?
-
Central Nervous System (CNS)
and
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) -
CNS - Central Nervous System
is made up of ? - The brain and spinal cord
- PNS - Peripheral Nervous System is made up of?
- "Everything Else" outside of the CNS, consists mainly of nerve bundles.
- Functional classification consists of what two divisions?
-
Sensory (Afferent) Division
and
Motor (Efferent) Division - Motor (Efferent) Division has two systems, which are?
-
Somatic Nervous System
and
Autonomic Nervous System - Afferent / sensory
-
Sensory information to the brain or visceral information
(carrying toward the CNS) - Efferent / motor
-
From the brain to the nerves; voluntary and involuntary
(carrying away from the CNS) - Voluntary
- Skeletal, somatic nervous system.
- Involuntary
- ANS. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Sensory Input
-
Sensory receptors gathers info
(your driving and you see a red light ahead) - Integration
- processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done. (Red means Stop)
- Motor Output
-
The response.
(Your foot goes for the brake) - Nervous System has 3 overlapping functions, what are they?
- Sensory Input, integration, and motor output.
- Levels of organization in the nervous system.(Motor (efferent) division of PNS.
- CNS to PNS to Motor(efferent) division to Somatic nervous system or Autonomic nervous system(ANS). If to ANS its either Sympathetic division or Parasympathetic division.
- The somatic nervous system is often referred to as?
- The voluntary nervous system.
- The autonomic nervous system is often referred to as?
- The involuntary nervous system.
- What is the somatic nervous system composed of?
- Somatic motor nerve fibers (axons) that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
- What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?
- Visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
- Sympathetic division
-
Stress. Flight or Fight.
Mobilizes body systems during emergency situations. - Parasympathetic division
-
Resting & Digesting.
Conserves energy.
Promotes nonemergency functions. - Levels of organization in the nervous system.[Sensory (afferent) division of PNS.]
- Sensory (afferent) division to the PNS to the CNS.
- Give examples of what the ANS controls... (3)
-
Cardiac muscles.
Smooth muscles.
Glands. - What two principal types of cells make up Nervous Tissue?
- Supporting cells and neurons.
- Neuroglia / Glial cells
- Nerve glue. Small cells associated with neurons.
- How many types of Neuroglia in the nervous system?
- Six.
-
How many types of Neuroglia in the Central nervous system?
Name them... -
Four.
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. -
How many types of Neuroglia in the Peripheral nervous system?
Name them... -
Two.
Satalite cells and Schwann cells - Astrocytes
-
Star cells. most abundant and versatile. Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons.
*they don't like dopamine. - Microglia
- Small ovoid cells with relatively long "thorny" processes. Their processes monitor the health of neurons.
- Ependymal cells
- "wrapping garment", range from columnar to squamous and many are ciliated. Keeps spinal fluid flowing.
- Oligodendrocyte
- "Few branches",produce or secrete myelin for insulation.
- What is the insulated coverings in the CNS called?
- Myelin Sheaths.
- Satellite cells
- "moons(satellites) around a planet". Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia, but their function is still unknown.
- Schwann cells
- AKA: neurolemmocytes. Surround and form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS. Similar to the oligodendrocytes in the CNS.**Vital to regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers.
- Sensory receptors
- are specialized to respond to changes in their environment.
- Mechanoreceptors
- Mechanical forces stretching, that alter membrane permeability.
- Thermoreceptors
- Sensitive to temperature. Radiant (heat) energy.
- Photoreceptors
- Respond to light energy. Retina of the eye.
- Chemoreceptors
- Responds to chemicals in a solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood chemistry)
- Phonoreceptors
- Responds to sound waves.
- Nociceptors / Noci-receptors
- Respond to damaging stimuli that result in pain. Naked dendrites of skin (epidermis).
- Osmo-receptors
- Monitor the bloods osmotic pressure.
- Exteroceptors
- Are sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body. (touch, pressure, pain, and temperature)
- Interoceptors
-
AKA: visceroceptors.
Respond to stimuli within the body. (internal viscera and blood vessels) - Proprioceptors
- Like interoceptors, they respond to internal stimuli. However, they occur in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments.
- Simple receptors
- Modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons.
- Complex receptors
- Sense organs associated with special senses (vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, and equilibrium).
- Mixed nerves
- Nerves containing the processes of motor and sensory neurons; their impulses travel to and from the central nervous system.
- Sensory nerve cell
- an initiator of nerve impulses following receptor stimulation
- Neuron
- Cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit nerve impulses.
- L-Dopa
- Stimulates dopamine production, used in parkinsons disease patients.
- Manos
- A sugar used to trick astrocytes.
- What do Astrocytes dislike?
- Dopamine
- What is the Synaptic Cleft space equal to?
- 10-100 Angstroms
- What are the components of synapse?
-
Presynaptic neuron
Synapse / Synaptic Cleft
Postsyanptic neuron - Neuroglia
- Nonexcitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons.
- What are the two types of synapses?
- Chemical and electrical.
- Microglial cell / phagocyte
- Microglial cell in the CNS and Phagocyte/Macrophage in the PNS.
- Cemented neuron
- Stays in place.
- Plastic neuron
- Move around.
- Factor
- We know it exists but we don't know what it does.
- How often are new Olfactory neurons made?
- Every 60 days.