Physio Psych
Terms
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- NMDA receptors high in which area of the hippocampus
- CA1
- Right hippocampus
- spatial, pictures
- Left Hippocampus
- Language
- Role of Hippocampus
- incorperate context into memory
- what part of brain lights up when ppl are going the explicit memory test?
- Left hippo
- Explicit =
- RECALL
- implicit
- word completion
- Korsakoffs Syndrome
- severe anterograde amnesia, confabulation, chronic alcholics
- Korsakoffs Syndrome caused by what
-
deficency in thiamine B1
alcohol affects thiame absorption... and the dont get it in the diet - Damage in Korsakoffs
-
mamillary bodies and connections to thalamus (MAMMILOTHALAMIC TRACT)
- hippocampus and fornix - DAMAGE- korsakoffs
- prefrontal cortex
- Structures involved in memory
-
Hippocampus and its inputs and outputs
INPUT = entorrhinal cortex
OUTPUT = fornix - Damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to..
- confabulation and damage to working memory (short term)
- Structure involved in emotional Learning
- Amygdala - conditioned emotional response
-
STUDY
independent variable..
dependent varibale -
indep = lights .. red -horn
depend= dev of conditioned emotional response
episodic memory - results
- damage to the amygdala = impaired conditioned emotional response - no skin conductance. but could tell you what happened
- damage to hippocampus
- impairment to the recall.. but had skin conductance
- Structures involved in Implicit memory
- Cerebellum - sensorimotor skills
- Implicit memory
- striatum - memories for stimulus response
- what are short term satiety signals
- food being absorbed
- what are long term satiety signals
-
signal from adipose tissue about long term nutrient resevoir
modulates sensitivity of brain areas involved in hunger - what is the short term satiety signal from the duodenum?
- CHOLECYSTOKININ CCK
- what are the functions of CCk
-
cause gall bladder to release bile
inhibits stomach contractions
sends signal to brain via vagus nerve - what is CCk
-
a peptide hormone
released in response to fats - what axons from duodenum are sensitive to glucose, aas, and fa;s
- AFFERENT
- entry of food into the duodenum .. causes you to eat more or less
- lESS
- Short term satiety signal
-
LIVER
signals from the liver continue the satiety started by duodenum - study with dogs
- glucose injected into the portal vien vs jugular vien
- long term satiety signal.. study with ob mutant mine
- they got fat
- long term satiety signal
- LEPTIN.. from adipose tissue
- in the 1950s and 1940s it was first hypothesized that if the Lateral hypothalamus was lesioned
- then you would stop eating and drinking
- in the 1950s and 1940s it was first hypothesized that if the ventromedial hypthalamus was lesioned
- then it would disrupt ANS and cause increased eating = obesity
- what are the names of the 2 neurons that play a role in stimulating hunger and decreasing metabolism in Lateral Hypothalamus
-
Melanin concentration hormone
orecin A - cells that produce MCH and orexin project to areas invloved in (3 things)
-
modivation
movement and metabolism!!! - Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis
- NEAT - aka fidget factor - always moving
- Is obesity caused by a faulty gene?
- rare!
- Sensitivity to leptin?
- difficult to get across the blood brain barrier
-
Leptin and Obesity Blood levels =?
CSF=? -
Blood ratio = 318%
CSF ratio = 30%**** - Nimiety
- uncomfortable fulness
- Treatments to obesity
- Serotonin agonists - increase the release of serotonin "Fen Fen" increase risk of heart attack supress eating
- Sibutrimine
- supress eating
- Anorexia - only ___% recover
- 29%
- are anorexics just not hungry?
- no becuase they are still secreting insulin in the presence of food
- Brain changes in anorexia
-
CT SCAN
- enlarged ventricles and sulci - After stopping anorexia
- ventricles do not return to normal.. sulci do!
- Neuropeptide Y in CSF is elevated while anorexic T or F
- TRUE!
- Leptin is high or low when anorexic
- LOW - little fat cells, it also returns to normal before weight does.. therefore its hard to reach normal weight
- anorexia Drug treatments
-
Cyproheptadine (antihistamine + antiserotonergic drug)
Bulimia = fluoxetine (prozac) -
TOools to investigate sleep
name 3 -
electroencephalogram EEG
electromyogram (EMG)
electrooculogram (EOG) -
EEG patterns
Awake - ____ waves
ALERT -
BETA waves
desynchrony -
Awake - Relaxed or eyes closed
___ waves -
ALPHA waves
synchrony
brain processing less infor - Sleep - stage 1
-
transition between sleep and wakefullness
-theta activity
-10 mins
eyelids droopy .. head nodes - Stage 2
-
theta acvitity
Sleep spindles - ignore noise from external environment
K Complexes - make less sensitive to noise - once asleep stay asleep
- 15 mins - Stages 3 and 4
-
slow wave sleep
delta activity
cerebral blood flow decreases
hard to wake people, groogy
thoughts, images and nightterrors , somnambulism - somnambulism
- sleep walking
- REM / Dream Sleep/ Paradoxial Sleep
-
desyncronyzed EEG (resembeles alertness)
Genital Activity
Paralysis
REM - rapid eye movemetns
forget about dreams fast
no muscle movement
increased blood flow in cerebral blood in visual association areas
DECREASED cerebral blood flow in frontal cortex - First half of the night.. more in what sleep.?
- slow wave sleep stages 3 &4
- Second half of the night .. more in what sleep//
-
REM sleep
less deep sleep - Slow wave sleep - deep sleep
-
Experiments - treadmill
museum and hairdryer - exercise experiment
- 25% more time in deep sleep than the ppl running infront of the fan
- recovery from intense mental activity
- increased slow wave sleep
- hairdryer
- increased slow wave sleep
- slow wave sleep increased b/c...
-
brain need to recuperate.. brain metabolism ..
release of growth hormone
healing the body
paropologixs - cannot move but still spend time in slow wave sleep - circadian rhythm
- purpose to avoid predators?
- dude that slept a lot
- didnt catch up on sleep hours but slept more in deep sleep less in stage 1 and 2
- REM sleep
-
memory consolidation
flushing of useless info - rem rebound
- someone deprived of REM sleep - then allow them to sleep - they will spend more time in REM sleep
- FXNS of REM sleep
- brain development!!!
- more developed brain..
- less REM sleep
- as a rodent learns something.. they have
- INCREASED REM
- as this becomes consolidated into LT memory
- they decrease REM sleep
- sleeping disorders
-
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
REM with Atonia
Problems with Slow wave sleep - Insomnia
-
25% of pop
9% regularly
when you are awake you dont feel well rested - what isthe cause of insomnia
-
sleeping meds
tolerance and withdrawl
imsonmia cannot be treated with medications - insomnia is usually a...
- SYMPTOM! treat ofther stresses first..
- treatmesnts - insomnia
-
keep a regimented lifestyle
- sleep same amt everynight
- schedule
- no caffeine or alcohol - sleeping pills
-
go to bed 15 mins earlier - sleep extra 30 mins
- vallum- not well rested
tolerance andwithdrawl - must incrase dose for same affect - sleep apnea
- more common in males. older ppl. obese
- treatment for sleep apnea
-
cause - obstructed airway
- relaxation of soft tissue= stop breathing
Treatment - diet and exercise
speciallty pillows
pressurized air mask
- more commone when on BACK - narcolepsy
- numbness seizure - sleep at inappropriate times
- symptoms
-
sleep attack - irresitable urge to fall asleep
cataplexy - down stroke.. REM sleep - paralyzed so muscles dont work
sleep paralysis - sleep paralysis
- hypnogogic (GOING to sleep) or hypnopopic (WAKING up) hallucinactions
- Narcolepsy causes
-
mutation in gene for orexin B receptor
skip slow wave sleep - directly to REM - treatments
-
stimulants - eg ritalin
catecholamine agonists(noradren, seratonin) (INCREASE RELEASE OF NORAD AND SEROTONIN)
drugs that act of orexin B receptors - REM without Atonia
-
lack of paralysis when asleep in REM sleep
inherited disorder
caused by damage to the regions of the reticular formation that inhibit movement
TREATEMENT = Drugs (bexoldiazephines) - vallium - PROB with slow wave sleep
-
commonly seen in children
nocturnal enuresis
somnambulism
pavor nocturnus (night terrors)