Veterinary Science : Clin. Path.(Final Exam Review)
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- Dexamethasone Suppression Test
- determines diff. btwn hyper and hypoadrenocorticism, works on concept of negative feedback, injection supresses release of ACTH and plasma cortisol
- Alkalosis
- pH oh blood increases (too mush bicard and excretes too much acid)
- BR 2
- Direct BR or Conjugated BR; can have a build up, causing Icterus
- Icteric
- if dog plasma is very yellow
- 2 things stained by Methylene Blue
- Heinz Body, Reticulocytes
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- liver controls it (gluconeogenisis, sortage of glucose)
- Lymphocyte
- Predominant agranulocyte; single round nucleus, mononuclear cells, small amount of lighter stained cytoplasm
- Heinz Body
- Round piece of denatured or altered hgb on RBC
- Monocytosis
- inc # of monocytes
- Creatinine
- a product of muscle metabolism
- PSS
- Used to lyses the cells or crenate in RBC counting
- Chloride
- maintains water distribution
- Eosinopenia
- dec. in # of eosinophils
- Hepatic
- Liver disease; rise in BP; hepatocytes directly damaged
- Thrombocyte
- (platelet) fragement of a cell, # lower than RBC but higher than WBC; made in bone marrow, function= clotting
- Neutrophilic
- stain pinkish, bluish, grayish (neutral-loving)
- Methylene Blue
- blue/purple dye has basic composition; attracted to acid components of the cell (nucleus)
- Monocytopenia
- dec. in # of monocytes
- Left Shift
- Increase in band cells
- Adrenal Gland
- small paired glands on top of kidneys
- Postprandial Sample
- a second blood sample taken 2 hrs after eating
- Beers Law
- the denser the substance, the less light can pass through
- Exogenous
- not made in the body (made in labs) - synthetic
- Spherocyte
- shaped like a sphere (not bi-concave)
- Basophilia
- inc. in # of basophils
- GGT
- intracellular enzyme, liver specific (all species)
- EPI
- insufficient amount of enzymes produced, gradual onset, bad smelling feces (pale color)
- Globin
- transport fat-soluble vitamins to area of action (A,D,E,K), recycles hgb
- Microhematocrit Tubes
- Heparinized or non-heparinized (used for PCV)
- Hypochromic
- Average amount of hgb in a unit of volume is less than normal
- WBC count
- used to determine #of WBC's in blood; monitor progress of disease
- Polychromasia
- many colors
- Pre Hepatic
- severe hemolysis; can cause a rise in BR
- Magnesium
- (Mg) primarily for nerve function, most stored in bone, needed at neuro-muscular junction
- Hgb Poisonings
- nitrate, cyanide, carbon monoxide
- White Muscle Disease
- Break down of muscle cells; deficiency of Vitamin E & selenium
- Erythrocyte
- (RBC): gas exchange, largest fraction of cells; bi-concave disk; made in bone marrow
- Clinical Chemistry
- the evaluation of chemical components of blood
- Hyperchloremia
- inc production of chloride (dehydration)
- Van Den Berghs Reaction
- (Diazo Reaction) helps pinpoint where the damage is, depending on whether BR1 or BR2 are affected
- Fecal Tests for EPI
- Undigested fat determination, undigested fecal starch determination
- Band cell
- Immature neutrophil (horseshoe nucleus)
- Trypsin
- protein digestion (breaks amino acid bonds) not measured in blood
- Pancreatitis
- Inflamation of pancreas; acute onset, severe signs (high fat diets, fatal if not treated)
- Nitrate Poisoning
- poisoning caused by fertilizer and some plants (blood becomes dark, chocolate brown)
- Potassium
- K; needed for normal muscle, cardiac, and nerve function (moves oppostie Na)
- Urea
- a product of normal protein metabolism
- Hyponatremia
- Excessive loss of Na
- Androgens
- sex hormones: testosterone-like, in both males and females
- Howell Jolly Body
- blue nuclear fragment in cytoplasm (immature cell)
- Undigested Fecal Starch Determination
- stain feces and water, mix on slide w/ 2% tincture of iodine; lacking amylase
- Refractometer
- Shows amount of solids through prizm (used to determine TP)
- Hirsutism
- excessively long hair coat
- Creatine Kinase
- (CK) major enzyme assayed for muscle damage
- GLDH
- lg levels in ruminants; liver disease in birds (very liver specific)
- Thrombocytopenia
- Low # of platelets
- Pre Renal
- decreased blood flow to kidney (dehydration, dec BP) - shock=blood vessels dilate
- X Ray Film Test
- coat film w/ fecal solution, incubate and wash (if trypsin present, area will be white)
- Macrocytic
- volume inside RBC is larger than normal
- Azoturia
- asso. w horses being exercised too much after a period of rest ("tying up" in horses) red pig. to urine
- Agranulocytes
- lymphocytes, monocytes
- Lymphopenia
- Dec. in # of lymphocytes
- Hyperchromic
- no central pallor (all one color)
- Organ Specific Enzymes
- found only in a specific organ
- Diseases of Pancreas
- pancreastitis, Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)
- Bilirubin
- break down of hgb (yellowish orange color)
- AST
- lg amounts found in both muscle and liver (not organ specific) in all species
- Petechia
- small pinpoint bruising
- Acidosis
- pH of blood decreases (acidic); too much acid or too little bicarb
- BR 1
- Indirect BR or Unconjugated BR; sent to liver and converted to BR2
- ALT
- catalyzes the transfer of amino groups from one amono to another
- Enzymology
- measures the presence of enzymes (many found in more than one organ, not specific)
- Exocrine Portion
- amylase, lipase, trypsin; DUCTS = tube runs to site of action
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Addisons disease, electrolyes all messed up, SIGNS: weak, depressed, PU/PD, vomiting, poor hair coat, heart arrythmia
- Metarubricyte
- contains a very dense nucleus (nRBC)
- Basophilic Stippling
- RNA remnants in RBC (asso. w/ heavy metal poisoning)
- Electrolytes
- all the + or - ions found in the fluid components of cells
- Fat Metabolism
- liver is responsible for this; fat storage (manufactures cholesterol)
- Schistocyte
- fractured or fragmented RBC (broken cell)
- Hemoconcentration
- blood more concentrated than normal
- Phagosome
- vesicle formed by neutrophil to break down foreign bodies (contains powerful enzymes)
- Blood Components
- erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, plasma
- Trypsin Like Immunoreactivity
- (TLI) serology test that measures the serum content of a trypsin like enzyme of the pancreas
- Cholestasis
- obstruction of bile duct; chole refers to gal bladder
- Central Pallor
- area in center of cell that appears pale
- Glucocorticoids
- Cortisol "steroids", promotes gluconeogenesis, inhibits immune system
- Post Hepatic
- Back up of bile into liver; bile duct obstruction (sotnes, neoplasia)
- Acidophilic
- stain pink (eosinophilic)
- Sodium
- Na; helps maintain osmolality of blood and tissue fluid
- Hypomagnesemia
- specific to ruminants; dietary disease seen in cattle (grass tetany)= rigid paralysis
- Hemolysis
- bursting RBC (causes serum to look pink or red instead of yellow)
- Neutrophilia
- inc. in # of neutrophils
- SAP
- Catalyzes the reaction that releases glucose from storage form (not organ specific)
- Barr Body
- Extra appendage of chromatin found on nucleus; "sex lobe" only in females
- Hyperkalemia
- High K; kidney disease, addisons disease, can lead to cardiac arrest
- Basophil
- Rare cell in blood, segmented nucleus, cytoplasm contains granules that stain dark blue or purple
- Hematology
- the study of blood
- Basopenia
- dec.in # of basophils
- Hypochromic
- lack of hgb; appears pale or has larger central pallor
- Ecchymoses
- large area of bruising
- Monocyte
- hard to identify, nucleus has vacules, cytoplams stains darker and has vacules
- Cushings Disease
- tumor of adrenal= primary, tumor of pituitary = secondary, Iatrogentic, SIGNS: pot belly, polyphagia, PU/PD, hairloss, skin changes
- Suppurative Diseases
- diseases that produce debris; ex:pus
- Bile Acids
- normal product of metabolism; help with digestion (95% reabsorbed and recycled in liver)
- New Methylene Blue Staining
- quick and easy, used for quick scanning and screening of cells; NOT a differential stain
- Eosinophil
- segmented nucleus, cytoplasm contains granules that stain pink or orange
- Neutrophil
- polymorphonuclear - (dark purple), light netrophilic cytoplasm (gray), small granules in cytoplasm (blue)
- Undigested Fat Determination
- most fat digested and not present in large amunts in the stool, steatorrhea (stain fece w/ sudan 3) lack lipase
- Hyperthyroidism
- most common in cats, due to tumor of thyroid secreting a lot of hormone, SIGNS: older cat, hyperactive, weight loss, polyphagia, inc. heart rate
- Cellular Enzymes
- Enzymes located inside cells; responsible for normal cell metabolism
- Lipemia
- (white)- too much fat in blood
- Thyroid Gland
- paired lobes on larynx that produce hormones that maintain metabolism, T3 & T4 (secretion controlled by TSH)
- Addisons Disease
- Tumor that destroys adrenal gland, Infectious agent
- Urobilinogen
- gives feces brown color
- Neutropenia
- dec. in # of neutrophils
- Iatrogenic
- disease produced by therapy accidently (by doctors)
- Lipase
- breaks down fatty acid chains; more organ specific than amylase
- Azotemia
- inc. of waste products in the blood
- Signs of thrombocytopenia
- slow clotting time, bruising
- Drabkins Solution
- solution that breaks down RBC's, then binds w/ hgb (used w/ specto.)
- Portosystemic Shunt
- closes w/ in few hours after birth
- LDH
- found in many tissues (not organ specific)
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- excess adrenal cortex hormones, Cushings Disease, dermatitis, hair loss (bilateral symmetry)
- Hypokalemia
- Low K; loss w/ excessive v/d; diuretics (some preserve K & some dont)
- Anticoagulants
- heparin, EDTA, oxalate, citrate
- Hypothyroidism
- common in dogs and horses, may be due to lack of thyroid hormone, TSH, or Iodine, SIGNS: lethargic, overweight, dermatitis, or alopecia
- Renal
- kidney disease (nephritis, neoplasia)
- Plasma Specific Enzyme
- enzyme that has a definite function in blood
- Leptocytes
- cells w/ less volume ("flattened")
- Hypochloremia
- low chloride production ; vomiting, addisons disease, renal disease
- Basophilic
- stain blue/purple (base-loving)
- Amylase
- carb. digestion, breaks down starches and sugars; primary source= pancreas
- Heparin
- (green) naturally occuring; used primarily for blood chemistry
- Leukocyte
- (WBC) larger in size than RBC's and fewer in # ; 5 diff types
- Heme
- O2 carrying ability and red pigment of hgb (iron ring structure)
- Steatorrhea
- fat in feces
- Serum
- the fluid from blood collected w/out an anticoagulant added
- Hypernatremia
- inc. Na production (rare in animals)= not offered enough fluid
- Normochromic
- average amount of hgb in a unit of volume is normal
- Lymphocytosis
- inc. # of lymphocytes
- EDTA
- (purple/lavender) excellent preservation of cells; dolution vol. is important
- Endocrine Portion
- Hormones related to carb metabolism; DUCTLESS
- Eosinophilia
- Inc in # of eosinophils
- Serum Separator Tube
- (SST); has gel in tube that allows serum to rise to the top and be poured out
- Uremia
- inc. of waste products in the blood w/ signs of kidney disease
- Eosin
- orange/red/pink dye; acidic compostion; attracted to the basic components of the cell (granules, cytoplasm)
- Reticulocytes
- Immature RBC's (bluish tint) immature cells are larger, thus a variation in size
- Complete Blood Count
- (CBC):PCV, TP, WBC count,WBC diff, RBC count, hgb, indices
- Non Plasma Specific Enzyme
- enzyme has no known function in the blood
- Hemoglobin
- lg. protien molecule containing pigment, component of all normal RBC's
- SDH
- high amounts found in liver of all species
- Endogenous
- made in the body
- Romanowsky Staining
- Differential staining of cells (wrights-giemsa, dif-quik)
- PCV
- quick easy way to determine #of RBC or oxygen carrying capacity
- Crenation
- shrinkage of RBC; moisture sucked out of cell
- Post Renal
- Obstructions (kidney/bladder stones)
- Blood Smear
- way to look at individual cells and their morphology (use differential staining)
- Secretion Enzyme
- Enzyme that is secreted for transport in the blood to site of action
- Citrate
- (light blue) mainly used for specific clotting tests; NOT for routine hematology
- Isoenzymes
- subfractions of enzymes, may be organ specific
- Globin
- amino acid chain portion of hgb; species specific
- Hepatitis
- Infection of the liver
- Microcytic
- volume inside RBC is smaller than normal
- Spectophotometer
- used in lab for hgb test (tells density based on how much light passes through)
- Cyanide Poisoning
- binds to hgb, makes blood become bright red (injected mucous mem.); found in cherry, and apple shoots
- Acanthocytes
- RBC's w/ rounded projections (irregular borders) seen in pigs
- Poikilocytes
- Abnormal shaped RBC (sperocyte, leptocyte)
- Indices
- (formulas) give actual statistics; weight and proportions
- Albumin
- maintains osmotic pressure of blood, source of reserve amino acids
- Hyperproteinemia
- High protein in blood
- Mineralocorticoids
- adosterone, works in kidney for Na and water retention
- Oxalates
- (light gray) used for specific clotting test; causes shrinkage of RBC's and artifacts in WBC's
- Gelatin Digestion Tube Test
- mix feces w/ gelatin (if trypsin present gelatin WILL NOT solidify)= normal
- Hypoproteinemia
- low protein in the blood
- Anisocytosis
- variation of size
- BUN
- tests for presence of nitrogenous waste in the blood
- Granulocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (granules in cytoplasm)
- Liver Enzymes
- ALT, AST, SAP, GGT, GLDH, LDH, SDH
- Fibrin
- Formed secondarily, binds platelets together; sticky, stringy substance
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- bodies own phagocytes attack RBC's