Chapter 17 Terms
Terms
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- Proletariat
- Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe , product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
- Jesuits
- A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia
- Humanism
- Focus on human kind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
- Descartes
- Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature
- European-style Family
- Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family and a large minority who never married
- Martin Luther
- German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 these to the door of Wittenber church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepeted state control of church
- Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scienific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
- Francis I
- King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor
- Catholic Reformation
- Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
- Absolute Monarchy
- Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
- Locke
- English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants
- Wollstonecraft
- Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new politcal rights should extend to women
- Parliamentary Monarchy
- Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments
- Ferderick the Great
- Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; introduced freedom of religion; increased sate control of economy
- Anglican Church
- Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1535; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
- Louis XIV
- French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy
- Gutenberg
- Introduced movable printing press to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets
- Thirty Years War
- War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his his ally Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
- Treaty of Westphalia
- Ended Thiry Years War in 1648; granted right to inividual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion either Protestant or Catholic
- Edict of Nantes
- Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions
- Glorious Revolution
- English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king
- Galileo
- Published Copernicus findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
- Northern Renaissance
- Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance (1450); centered oin Frnace, Low Countries, England and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
- Machiavelli
- Emphasized realistic discussion of how seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance
- Harvey
- English physician who demonstrated circular movemen of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump
- Protestantism
- General wave of religious against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luthers attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
- Witchcraft Persecution
- Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas
- Scientific Revolution
- Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
- Deism
- Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divitiy was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun
- English Civil War
- Conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers if the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
- Copernicus
- Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe
- Calvin
- French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encourgaed ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America
- Adam Smith
- Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regualtion of economy in favor of the operation of market forces
- Newton
- English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity