Phis test 2
Terms
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- CARDIAC
- branching cell, single central nucleus, visible striations and involuntary
- SMOOTH
- Spindle-shaped cells, single central nucleus, lack visible striations and involuntary
- SKELETAL
- elongated, multiple peripheral nuclei, visible striations and voluntary
- - Cell membrane - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Muscle Cell
- -Sarcolema -Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -Muscle Fiber
- ACTIN
- Thin filaments
- Myosin
- Thicker filaments
- Isometric Contraction
- Can generate force without shortening; pressing agianst the wall
- Isotonic Contraction
- Can shorten without generating force; drinking water
- According to the definitions of work and power, which contraction wouldnt work?
- Isometric
- The maximum ability to do work at high rate is?
- 1/3 of 0 velocity and max velocity
- Tetany
- stimulate a muscle, a muscle before it is relaxed, it stays contracted
- Tetanic Stimulation
- sensation that leads to tetany, 50-55 stimulations per second
- Twitch
- either contracts or it doesnt
- The smaller the motor unit
- the greater muscle control
- Which muscle cell type is responsible for the following: - transmit depolarizations to cells - transmit action potentials from one to the next - contract spontaneously - never has a stable action potential at rest so drifts until cell depolarizes
- smooth muscle cells
- Aerobic Respiration
- uses oxygen in mitochondria to produce ATP and generates 2/3 atp
- Anaerobic Pathway
- comes in and replaces oxygen and gets rid of lactic acid
- Lactic Acid
- causes muscle fatigue and the muscle refuses to contract anymore
- Red muscle
- darker, lots of myoglobin, which creates a reservoir of oxygen
- White muscle
- less myoglobin, more actin and myosin, no reservoir of oxygen, resulting in fatigue faster
- What do Hypertrophy and Atropy mean?
- hyper- increase in cell size atrophy- decrease in cel size
- What are the three types of muscles within the heart?
- Ventricular muscle, Atrial muscles, Conducting muscle
- Cardiac muscles have syncytion, what does this mean and what are the two types?
- Cells can communicate Atrial syncytion and Ventricular syncytion
- When the heart contracts, what happens? when it relaxes?
- Blood leaves the arteries Blood refills and heart is a closed system
- If there is more pressure on one side of a valve then the other,what happens?
- The valve will open
- Action potential is one part of one atria and propagates through the cell until it goes through which period?
- Refractory period
- What brings depolarization to the ventricle from atrium?
- Ventricle conducting fibers
- Ventricular filling
- When the heart chambers are relaxed blood flows into the atria through the Av valves into the ventricles, where the pressure is lower, the atria then contract and force the remaining blood into the ventricles
- Ventricular systole
- As the ventricles contract, interventricular pressure rises and closing the AV valves, briefly closing the ventricle chambers, rising ventricular pressure forces the semilunar ventricle to open, blood is ejected from the heart to the lungs
- Isovolumetric relaxation
- ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops, blood backflows and, closing semilunar valves, and ventricles are totally closed again
- When the atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, AV valves open and ventricular filling, what will occur?
- Ventricular filling
- Pressure changes within the heart effect the alternating of what?
- The relaxing and contracting of the muscle
- Approxmiatly how much blood is pumped through the heart per minute?
- 5000mL
- Heart rate
- is the number of times the heart beats per minute, approx 75 times
- What is stroke volume?
- The difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
- End diastolic volume
- the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of relaxating, about 200 mL
- End systolic volume
- the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of contracting, about -75 mL
- What nerve activity increases heart rate?
- Sympathetic nerve activity
- Systole
- contraction
- Diastole
- relaxation
- Starlings Law of the Heart
- Amount of blood the heart will eject in the next stroke equal to the amount of blood that entered in the last stroke
- Carotid Artery
- pressure receptor,sends receptors to the brain to intiate change between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
- Blood Pressure
- Is the force that blood exerts against the blood vessels walls
- Systolic Pressure
- The highest pressure exerted by the blood against, the artery walls, result of ventricular contraction, normally about 120mm of mercury
- Diastolic Pressure
- The lowest pressure in the artery, and is a result of the ventricle relaxation, normally around 80 mm of mercury
- Pulse pressure
- The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
- Peripheral Resistance
- The opposing force encountered by blood as a result of friction between blood and vessel walls, can affect blood pressure
- What three factors affect peripheral resistance?
- Blood viscosity,total blood vessel length,vessel diameter
- What factors effect blood pressure?(3)
- Vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output
- What is a short term way to regulate high blood pressure?Low blood pressure?
- Increase in parasympathetic activity; Increase in parasympathetic activity
- What is a long term way to regulate blood pressure?
- controlling blood volume
- Autoregulation
- The process by which organs and tissues in the body self regulates blood delivery
- SA Node
- sets the pace for the entire heart
- Internodal pathway
- carries impulses from SA node to AV node
- AV node
- allows atria to contract before ventricles
- Av bundles
- link between atria and ventricles
- Bundle branches
- convey the impulse down the impulse down the interventricular septum
- Purkinje fibers
- convey the impulse throughout the ventricular walls
- What is main function of the respiratory system?
- Brings in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
- List the pathway air takes?
- Nose,pharynx,larynx,trachea, bronchi,bronchioles,terminal bronchioles,alveoli
- What are the lungs surrounded by and what does this help reduce?
- Pleural membrane, friction
- Pulmonary arteries
- carry oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide rich from right ventricle to lungs
- Systemic veins
- carry oxygen-poor, carbon dioxide-rich blood from body tissues to right atrium
- Pulmonary veins
- carry oxygen-rich, carbon dioxide-poor from lungs to left atrium
- Systemic arteries
- carry oxygen-rich, carbon dioxide-poor blood from left ventricle to body tissues
- Fill in the blanks: The _______ receives oxygen poor blood from the ______, blood moves to the _______ and is pumped out the ______into the lungs
- right atrium, systemic veins, right ventricle,pulmonary arteries
- The _____ receives oxygenated blood from the ________ , blood moves to the _______ and is pumped out the ______ to the body tissues
- left atrium,pulmonary veins, left ventricle,systemic arteries
- Inspiration
- Inhalation,an active process, the diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume decreases the pressure of thoracic cavity and the lungs
- Expiration
- Exhalation,a passive process in which the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax and the elastic lungs and thoracic wall recoil inward; this decreases the volume and therefore increases the pressure of the thoracic cavity
- If the thoracic wall is punctured, air enters the pleural cavity and moves from high to low pressure, this causes what?
- Pneumothorax or lungs collasping
- Sympathetic nerve activity causes the bronchioles to what? Parasympathetic?
- Sympathetic-relaxing of bronchioles Para-contraction of the bronchioles
- In order to change respiratory rate what two things must change?
- 1.pressure 2.amount of resistance
- The external intercostal muscles do what? the internal intercostal muscles?
- EIM-draws ribs upward and away from the body and expands thoracic cavity IIM-ribs are closer to the body
- Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorders are a result of what?
- Chronic increase in airway resistance
- What are the three factors that effect lung elasticity?
- Surface tension LaPlace Pulmonary surfactant
- What are the volume parameters for: inflated lung,deflated lung,tidal volume,inspiratory reserve and expirtatory reserve?
- 5700mL,1200mL,500mL,3000mL,1000mL
- What do each of the following equations equal: Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Tidal volume + Expiratory Reserve Inspiratory reserve+expiratory reserve
- Inspiratory Capacity,Expiratory Capacity and Vital Capacity
- What the average Forced Expiration in one second(FEV1) for a normal adult; for a person with COPD.
- 80 percent of the air with have been exhaled within the first second, and 100 percent by three seconds; cant exhale 80 percent within the first second
- Fill in the blank:Low___ causes the_____ to constrict and high ____ causes the_____ to dilate
- P02,arterioles,PC02,bronchioles
- Internal respiration
- The exchange of gases between tissue cells and the systemic capillaries
- External respiration
- the exchange of gases between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli and oxygen diffuses alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries in which respiration?
- External
- Oxygen diffuses from systemic capillaries into the cells; while Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into systemic capillaries in which respiration?
- Internal
- What is the Bohr effect?
- The interaction between hydrogen ion binding and hemoglobins affinity for oxygen, by forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading and oxygen unloading into the tissues
- Within the lungs what happens during respiration?(2)
- 1.Carbon dioxide is unloaded 2.Oxygen is loaded 98 percent hemoglobin saturation
- Within the tissues what happens during respiration?(2)
- 1.Oxygen unloaded 2.Carbon dioxide is loaded 75 percent hemoglobin saturation
- When oxygen binds with hemoglobin it becomes what?
- Oxyhemoglobin