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Test 2

tycho, descartes, hobbes, oh my

Terms

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Rudolphine Tables
1627; Kepler's published work on his Sun centered elliptical orbits; for the first time a heliocentric system yielded more accurate predictions than than those derived from existing geocentric models
relativity of motion
Galileo's first general principle of motion: only the relative motion of bodies counts
inertia
Galileo's second general principle of motion: left to itself, a body will persist in its current state of motion or rest; only change of motion requires a cause
mechanists
the world is ultimately a machine; find the true mechanism of nature
Tycho Brahe
1546-1601; greatest pre-telescopic observational astronomer; studied Ptolemy's 'Almagest'
Assayer (1623)
Galileo's publishing on mathematical physics of motion;
Descartes mechanical philosophy
the world is a bunch of dead rocks, one must understand it as one understands a clock: simply see how its parts fit together and moved; found laws by deducing from pure reasoning
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
Galileo's introduction on his two general principles of motion
Galileo's second telescopic discoveries (1610-1612)
1. Saturn had "odd appendages" 2. Sun has moving spots, suggesting it moves on axis 3. Venus showed phases, therefore must orbit the Sun and disproving Ptolemic system
Ptolemic, Tychonian, and Copernican systems are
observationally equivalent
Galileo's second law of falling bodies
distance travelled in free fall increases with square of time elapsed; d=1/2at^2
Astronomia Nova
1609; published Kepler's research while studying with Tycho on the mysteries of the motions of Mars
Galileo's explanation on sensible qualities
color, taste, etc... are secondary products of how particles impinge on our sense organs
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
showed experimentally that mercury stood at the same height whatever the size or shape of the tube,
Descartes laws of impact
the effects of collision follow definite rules
Descartes inertia
a particle will continue to move in a straight line at a steady speed until and unless it is a hit
Galileo's first telescopic discoveries (1609-1610)
1. moon had mountains 2. many new stars invisible to the naked eye 3. Jupiter circled by four moons; published in Siderus Nuncius
Galielo's third law of falling bodies
projectiles follow parabolic trajectories
nominalists
positivists; we can only really catalog outward appearences
res cogitans
that which thinks - mind
cogito ergo sum
I think, therefore I am
proof mercury is held up by the weight of air
in a barometer, mercury falls as one climbs up a moutain because at higher altitudes there is less air above pushing down
Uraniborg
Tycho's observatory on the island of Hven
observationally equivalent
relative motion of the Earth, Sun, and planets are the same
res extensa
that which extends - matter
Pythagoreans
God built the world on mathematical patterns, God gave human's the minds capable of grasping those patterns, therefore we share God's thoughts and penetrate to a deeper level of (mathematical?) reality
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
said we find the properties of the material world first through our reason not our senses; mind and body seperate
De motu cordis et sanguinis (1628)
William Harvey's book; showed conclusively that the heart acts as a pump: blood flows in a closed loop, out through the arteries and back up the veins,
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651)
used a version of the mechanical philosophy to derive an authoritarian political system
Descartes conservation of motion
the total quantity of motion is the same before and after any collision
Medicean stars
1610; four moons of Jupiter named after Medicean family in order to gain patronage; led to Galileo's tutilage of Cosimo de Medici
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642) rejected Aristotelian doctrine; formulated alternative mathematical laws of motion by 1608
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630) noticed that the spheres of the six Copernican planetary orbit (nearly) fit within or around the five perfect Platonic solids; wrote Mysterium Cosmographicum
Galileo's primary qualities of particles
size, shape, and motion; can all be treated mathematically
Evangelista Torricelli (1644)
first mercury barometer
nested polyhedra
argument that the ratio of orbital radii for Venus and Mercury was the same, or nearly so, as the ratio of the radii for the circumscribed and inscribed spheres of an octahedron
Gasparo Berti (1643)
first water barometer
equal areas law
a line from the Sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times; thus, if the time for the planet to go from a to b is equal to the time for it to go from y to z, Area A will equal Area Z
Descartes heat
the result of rapid bouncing around of tiny particles
Tychonic System
planets circle Sun, which circles Earth
elliptical orbits law
all of the planets order the Sun in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus
Tycho's nova
new star contradicting Aristotle's doctrine that the Heavens are constant and unchanging
Descartes motion of the planets
a giant whirlpool of tiny aether particles carries all the planets around the Sun; vortex around earth pushes bodies down
Galileo's first law of falling bodies
speed of a falling body increases in proportion to the time elapsed; v=at
Descartes magnetism
flow of screw-shaped particles through threaded channels in magnets and the Earth pushes and aligns magnets and bits of iron
Kepler's third law of planetary motion
(D^3) / (T^2) = K
Hobbes materialism
mind itself a simple byproduct of mechanical motion; no mind or spirit

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