Test 2
tycho, descartes, hobbes, oh my
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Rudolphine Tables
- 1627; Kepler's published work on his Sun centered elliptical orbits; for the first time a heliocentric system yielded more accurate predictions than than those derived from existing geocentric models
- relativity of motion
- Galileo's first general principle of motion: only the relative motion of bodies counts
- inertia
- Galileo's second general principle of motion: left to itself, a body will persist in its current state of motion or rest; only change of motion requires a cause
- mechanists
- the world is ultimately a machine; find the true mechanism of nature
- Tycho Brahe
- 1546-1601; greatest pre-telescopic observational astronomer; studied Ptolemy's 'Almagest'
- Assayer (1623)
- Galileo's publishing on mathematical physics of motion;
- Descartes mechanical philosophy
- the world is a bunch of dead rocks, one must understand it as one understands a clock: simply see how its parts fit together and moved; found laws by deducing from pure reasoning
- Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
- Galileo's introduction on his two general principles of motion
- Galileo's second telescopic discoveries (1610-1612)
- 1. Saturn had "odd appendages" 2. Sun has moving spots, suggesting it moves on axis 3. Venus showed phases, therefore must orbit the Sun and disproving Ptolemic system
- Ptolemic, Tychonian, and Copernican systems are
- observationally equivalent
- Galileo's second law of falling bodies
- distance travelled in free fall increases with square of time elapsed; d=1/2at^2
- Astronomia Nova
- 1609; published Kepler's research while studying with Tycho on the mysteries of the motions of Mars
- Galileo's explanation on sensible qualities
- color, taste, etc... are secondary products of how particles impinge on our sense organs
- Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
- showed experimentally that mercury stood at the same height whatever the size or shape of the tube,
- Descartes laws of impact
- the effects of collision follow definite rules
- Descartes inertia
- a particle will continue to move in a straight line at a steady speed until and unless it is a hit
- Galileo's first telescopic discoveries (1609-1610)
- 1. moon had mountains 2. many new stars invisible to the naked eye 3. Jupiter circled by four moons; published in Siderus Nuncius
- Galielo's third law of falling bodies
- projectiles follow parabolic trajectories
- nominalists
- positivists; we can only really catalog outward appearences
- res cogitans
- that which thinks - mind
- cogito ergo sum
- I think, therefore I am
- proof mercury is held up by the weight of air
- in a barometer, mercury falls as one climbs up a moutain because at higher altitudes there is less air above pushing down
- Uraniborg
- Tycho's observatory on the island of Hven
- observationally equivalent
- relative motion of the Earth, Sun, and planets are the same
- res extensa
- that which extends - matter
- Pythagoreans
- God built the world on mathematical patterns, God gave human's the minds capable of grasping those patterns, therefore we share God's thoughts and penetrate to a deeper level of (mathematical?) reality
- Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
- said we find the properties of the material world first through our reason not our senses; mind and body seperate
- De motu cordis et sanguinis (1628)
- William Harvey's book; showed conclusively that the heart acts as a pump: blood flows in a closed loop, out through the arteries and back up the veins,
- Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651)
- used a version of the mechanical philosophy to derive an authoritarian political system
- Descartes conservation of motion
- the total quantity of motion is the same before and after any collision
- Medicean stars
- 1610; four moons of Jupiter named after Medicean family in order to gain patronage; led to Galileo's tutilage of Cosimo de Medici
- Galileo Galilei
- (1564-1642) rejected Aristotelian doctrine; formulated alternative mathematical laws of motion by 1608
- Johannes Kepler
- (1571-1630) noticed that the spheres of the six Copernican planetary orbit (nearly) fit within or around the five perfect Platonic solids; wrote Mysterium Cosmographicum
- Galileo's primary qualities of particles
- size, shape, and motion; can all be treated mathematically
- Evangelista Torricelli (1644)
- first mercury barometer
- nested polyhedra
- argument that the ratio of orbital radii for Venus and Mercury was the same, or nearly so, as the ratio of the radii for the circumscribed and inscribed spheres of an octahedron
- Gasparo Berti (1643)
- first water barometer
- equal areas law
- a line from the Sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times; thus, if the time for the planet to go from a to b is equal to the time for it to go from y to z, Area A will equal Area Z
- Descartes heat
- the result of rapid bouncing around of tiny particles
- Tychonic System
- planets circle Sun, which circles Earth
- elliptical orbits law
- all of the planets order the Sun in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus
- Tycho's nova
- new star contradicting Aristotle's doctrine that the Heavens are constant and unchanging
- Descartes motion of the planets
- a giant whirlpool of tiny aether particles carries all the planets around the Sun; vortex around earth pushes bodies down
- Galileo's first law of falling bodies
- speed of a falling body increases in proportion to the time elapsed; v=at
- Descartes magnetism
- flow of screw-shaped particles through threaded channels in magnets and the Earth pushes and aligns magnets and bits of iron
- Kepler's third law of planetary motion
- (D^3) / (T^2) = K
- Hobbes materialism
- mind itself a simple byproduct of mechanical motion; no mind or spirit