PSG: BRPT Review
Terms
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- ROC / LOC
- Right / Left Outer Canthus
- RAT / LAT
- Right / Left Anterior Tibialis
- N/O flow
- Nasal/Oral flow
- TcCO2
- Transcutaneous CO2
- EtCO2
- End-tidal CO2
- Pes or peso
- Esophageal pressure monitor
- Pathophysiology
- The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
- Pathology
- The anatomic or functional manifestations of a disease
- Etiology
- The branch of medicine that deals with the causes or origins of disease
- Lateral recumbent
- A position in which the patient lies on one side with the under arm behind the back and the upper thigh flexed (also called Sims' position)
- Lateral decubitus
- Laying on either right or left side
- Plantar flexion
- Movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole
- Dorsiflexion
- Flexion of the foot in an upward direction
- Ventral
- Pertaining to the front of the body
- Dorsal
- Pertaining to the back of the body
- Capillary refill
- Pressure is applied to the nail bed until it turns white; should turn red w/in 2 sec if good circulation
- Kyphoscoliosis
- Combination of kyphosis & scoliosis
- Labile
- Emotionally unstable
- Neuron
- A nervous tissue cell that transmits & receives nervous impulses
- Synapse
- The place at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to another
- Neurotransmitter
- A substance (such as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
- Post-synaptic potentials
- Changes in the membrane potential of the neuron that receives information at a synapse.
- Brain stem function
- It controls various autonomic functions such as respiration and the regulation of heart rhythms as well as perceptual functions such as the primary aspects of sound localization.
- Medulla
- Lower part of the brainstem; controls autonomic functions (such as breathing and heartbeat), relays nerve messages from the brain to the spinal cord, control of sneeze-, cough-, swallow-, suck-reflex, blinking, and of vomiting.
- Pons
- Part of the autonomic nervous system; relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum.
- Peripheral nervous system
- Part of the nervous system; consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system; limbs and organs
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Fight or flight response; acts primarily on the cardiovascular system
- Normal heart rate for adults
- 60 to 100 bpm
- Normal heart rate for pediatrics
- 70 to 120 bpm
- Inspiratory muscles
- Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
- Expiratory muscles
- Generally a passive process, however active or forced exhalation is achieved by the abdominal and the internal intercostal muscles.
- Accessory muscles of ventilation
- Sternocleidomastoid, platysma, and the strap muscles of the neck
- Tidal volume (Vt)
- Amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration. It is normally from 450 to 500 mL
- Functional residual capacity (FRC)
- The amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out
- Minute ventilation
- 7.5 L/minute
- Chemoreceptors
- A cell or group of cells that transduce a chemical signal into an action potential
- Action potential
- A wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell; rapidly carrying information within and between tissues; are used most extensively by the nervous system for communication between neurons and to transmit information from neurons to other body tissues such as muscles and glands
- Phrenic nerve
- Provides motor innervation to the diaphragm and is thus responsible for the act of breathing
- Intrathoracic pressure
- Decreases with inspiration & increases with expiration
- Oxyhemoglobin
- Formed during respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells; this process occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
- Hering-Breuer reflex
- Function to facilitate termination of inspiration; initiated by stretch receptors (sensors) located in the smooth muscles surrounding both large and small airways
- PaCO2 norm
- 35-45 mmHg
- PaO2 norm
- 80-100 mmHg
- pH norm
- 7.35-7.45
- HCO3 norm
- 22-28 mEq/L
- PaCO2
- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in solution in arterial blood
- PaO2
- Partial pressure of oxygen in solution in arterial blood
- HCO3
- Calculated value of bicarbonate
- Mastoid process
- A large, bony prominence on the base of the skull behind the ear
- Maxilla
- Upper jaw
- Mandible
- Lower jaw
- Masseter muscle
- Muscle running from eye forward to jaw; one of the muscles used for chewing
- Temporalis muscle
- Muscle being the eye back to ear; one of the muscles used for chewing
- Temporomandibular joint
- The movable joint between the mandible (lower jaw bone) and temporal bone
- Adenoids
- Lumpy clusters of spongy tissue that sit in the back of the nose above the roof the mouth
- Tonsils
- Tonsils are glandular tissue located on both sides of the throat
- Corneo-retinal potential
- A small voltage between the front and back of the eye
- Lower esophageal sphincter
- Muscular area where the esophagus meets the stomach
- Anterior tibialis
- Muscle that spans the length of the tibia
- Extensor digitalis
- Muscle for the extension of the wrist & fingers
- Syncope
- Fainting
- Clonus
- Series of involuntary muscle contractions
- Neuropathy
- Any disease that affects the neurons of the nervous system; often results in numbness & abnormal sensations
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- Often colloquially referred to as "mini stroke"; caused by the temporary disturbance of blood supply to a restricted area of the brain, resulting in brief neurologic dysfunction that usually persists for less than 24 hours
- Cerebral Palsy
- Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitations that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, cognition, communication, perception, and/or behavior, and/or by a seizure disorder.
- Hemiparesis
- Partial paralysis of one side of the body
- Generalized seizures
- Generalized seizures affect both cerebral hemispheres (sides of the brain) from the beginning of the seizure. They produce loss of consciousness, either briefly or for a longer period of time, and are sub-categorized into several major types: generalized tonic clonic; myoclonic; absence; and atonic.
- Localized seizures
- In [localized] partial seizures the electrical disturbance is limited to a specific area of one cerebral hemisphere (side of the brain). Partial seizures are subdivided into simple partial seizures (in which consciousness is retained); and complex partial seizures (in which consciousness is impaired or lost). Partial seizures may spread to cause a generalized seizure, in which case the classification category is partial seizures secondarily generalized.
- Myoclonic seizures
- Myoclonic seizures are rapid, brief contractions of bodily muscles, which usually occur at the same time on both sides of the body. Occasionally, they involve one arm or a foot. People usually think of them as sudden jerks or clumsiness.
- Tonic-clonic seizures
-
Generalized tonic clonic seizures (grand mal seizures) are the most common and best known type of generalized seizure. They begin with stiffening of the limbs (the tonic phase), followed by jerking of the limbs and face (the clonic phase).
During the tonic phase, breathing may decrease or cease altogether, producing cyanosis (blueing) of the lips, nail beds, and face. Breathing typically returns during the clonic (jerking) phase, but it may be irregular. This clonic phase usually lasts less than a minute. - Absence seizures
-
Absence seizures (also called petit mal seizures) are lapses of awareness, sometimes with staring, that begin and end abruptly, lasting only a few seconds. There is no warning and no after-effect.
More common in children than in adults, absence seizures are frequently so brief that they escape detection, even if the child is experiencing 50 to 100 attacks daily. They may occur for several months before a child is sent for a medical evaluation. - Partial complex seizures
-
Complex partial seizures affect a larger area of the brain than simple partial seizures and they affect consciousness.
During a complex partial seizure, a person cannot interact normally with other people, is not in control of his movements, speech, or actions; doesn't know what he's doing; and cannot remember afterwards what happened during the seizure. - Angina pectoris
- Condition characterized by chest pain that occurs when the muscles of the heart receive an insufficient supply of oxygen
- Sinus arrhythmia
- The normal increase in heart rate that occurs during inspiration
- First-degree AV block
- Looks like normal sinus rhythm except that the PR interval is longer than normal
- Second-degree AV block, type I (Mobitz type I. AKA Wenckebach)
- PR interval gets gradually longer with each successive beat until finally a P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles
- Second-degree AV block, type I (Mobitz type II)
- Occasional dropped QRS interval
- Third-degree AV block
- P wave & QRS complex are regular but have different rates
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- A condition resulting in discoloration of the fingers and/or the toes after exposure to changes in temperature (cold or hot) or emotional events
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis, characterized by a raised pH and a decreased PCO2, is due to over ventilation caused by hyperventilating, pain, emotional distress, or certain lung diseases that interfere with oxygen exchange
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis, characterized by a raised pH and a decreased PCO2, is due to over ventilation caused by hyperventilating, pain, emotional distress, or certain lung diseases that interfere with oxygen exchange
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a lower pH and decreased HCO3-; the blood is too acidic on a metabolic/kidney level. Causes include diabetes, shock, and renal failure.
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a lower pH and decreased HCO3-; the blood is too acidic on a metabolic/kidney level. Causes include diabetes, shock, and renal failure.
- Hypercapnia
- A condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood; generally caused by hypoventilation, lung disease, or diminished consciousness.
- Hypercarbia
- Excess retention of carbon dioxide in the body resulting from ventilatory impairment.
- Hypoxemia
- Low oxygen in the blood
- Hypoxia
- Pathological condition in which the body as a whole or region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply; often happens with high altitudes.
- Bullous lung disease
- Emphysema
- Kyphosis
- Abnormal anterior-to-posterior curvature of the upper spine; gives a humpback appearance
- Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the spine
- Lordosis
- Inward curvature of the lumbar spine; has a swayback appearance