ANATOMY - Osteology, Musculature, Neurovascular, Blood Vessels (Lower Extremity)
Terms
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- Conveys stimulus toward the cell body
- Dendrite
- The nerve cell bodies of the unipolar, sensory neurons form this enlarged structure
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Nerve cell processes of efferent fibers on their way to muscles; the bodies of the motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the gray matter
- Ventral root
- A mixture of the incoming sensory processes and th outgoing motor processes; there are 31 pairs
- Spinal nerves
- Mixture of sensory and motor fibers that branch posteriorly
- Dorsal Ramus
- How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves are there (individually)?
- 8,12,5,2,1
- What vertebrae is the lumbar plexus made up of?
- T12,L1-4
- How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there?
- 31 spinal nerves
- How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
- Twelve
- Conveys stimulus away from the cell body
- Axon
- Junction btwn axon and dendrite or cell body
- Synapse
- Insulating fatty substance (speeds up conduction velocity)
- Myelin
- Spaces btwn myelin sheaths
- Nodes of Ranvier
- One axon, multiple dendrites (motor cells, many interneurons)
- Multipolar
- One axon, one dendrite (special sensory cells)
- Bipolar
- One process acts both as a dendrite and axon (sensory cells)
- Unipolar
- Glial cell in the CNS that performs repair processes
- Astrocytes
- Glial cell in the CNS that produces myelin
- Oligodendrocytes
- Glial cell in the CNS that acts are garbage man (phagocytizes)
- Microglia
- Glial cell in the CNS thatline the inner cavities
- Ependymal cells
- Glial cell in the PNS that produces myelin
- Schwann cells
- Collection of neuronal cells
- Nucleus
- Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
- Ganglion
- Bundle of axons in the PNS
- Nerve
- Bundle of axons in the CNS
- Tract
- Axons that convey impulses toward
- Afferent
- Axons that carry the impulse away
- Efferent
- Composed of nerve cell bodies; no myelin coating
- Gray matter
- Sensory nerve processes bringing info into the spinal cord
- Dorsal root
- If a ligament crosses it has this in the name
- Cruciate
- If ligaments connect across joints on sides
- Collateral
- Located on the medial femoral condyle, this ligament prevents femur from moving on a fixed tibia
- Posterior cruciate
- These two ligaments of the knee protect joint and provide support
- Medial collateral (tibial collateral) and Lateral collateral (fibula collateral)
- The deltoid ligament as a whole does what?
- Protect medial border of ankle and prevent excess Eversion
- These lateral ligaments go from the talus to the fibula of the ankle and do what?
- Prevent excess Inversion
- These four ligaments make up the DELTOID ligament and are located medially from TIBIA to MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
- Anterior tibiotalar, Posterior tibiotalar, Tibionavicular, and Tibiocalcaneal
- These three ligaments are lateral on the ankle and connect from TALUS to FIBULA
- Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular
- This ankle ligament allows you to spring off a step (connects from CALCANEUS to NAVICULAR and TARSALS
- Plantar calcaneonavicular
- This ankle ligament goes from CALCANEUS to NAVICULAR and TARSALS also
- Long plantar
- This ligament is located on the anterior part of the tibia and prevents tibia from moving forward on the femur
- Anterior cruciate
- Produces bone cells and secretes organic material
- Osteoblast
- Mature bone cell
- Osteocyte
- Destroys bone cells by secreting acid
- Osteoclast
- End of long bone
- Epiphysis
- Growth line (early in life is cartilage)on a long bone
- Epiphyseal line
- Open and airy bone
- Spongy
- Tight and hard bone
- Compact bone
- Outer layer of bone (fibrous outer/cellular inner); pain sensitive
- Periosteum
- Mainly fat in a bone (center)
- Yellow marrow
- Tightly arranged in layers (lamellae)
- Haversian system
- Faster type of bone growth; fibrous tissue to bone (flat bones: skull, hip)
- Intramembranous ossification
- Bone growth from cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
- Endochondral ossification
- Rough and bony prominence
- Process
- Large blunt process only in the femur
- Trochanter
- Large blunt rounded process (smaller than trochanter)
- Tuberosity
- Smaller blunt rounded process (smaller than tuberosity)
- Tuburcle
- Pointed bony projection
- Spine
- Prominent border (rough)
- Crest
- Smooth concave surface
- Fossa
- Hole
- Foramen
- Rounded articular suface joined to the diaphysis of bone
- Head of bone
- Smooth convex structure joined to the shaft of long bone
- Condyle
- Eminence around condyle
- Epicondyle
- Smooth surface for articulation
- Facet
- Upper superior part of hip
- Ilium
- Lowest posterior part of hip
- Ischium
- Anterior part of hip
- Pubis
- Socket of hip (all 3 bones contribute to it)
- Acetabulum
- Medial malleolus is located on the
- Tibia
- Lateral malleolus is located on the
- Fibula
- Tibia and fibula contact the _____ of the ankle
- Talus
- Name the tarsal bones
- Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
- There are ___ metatarsal bones
- Five
- The hallux is the ____ ____
- Great toe
- Fibrous and immovable joints classification
- Synarthrosis
- A suture is a ____ joint and is located in the ______
- Synarthritic; skull
- The tibia and fibula have small amt of "give"...this is called _________ and is a synarthritic joint
- Syndemosis
- Cartilaginous joints that are slightly movable are _______
- Amphiarthrotic
- The joint btwn the ribs and sternum is described as ______
- Synchondrosis
- Fibrocartilage btwn bones such as pelvis and vertebrae are called ______
- Symphysis
- Movement in one plane (sagittal) (also called ginglymus)
- Hinge
- Trochoid (cervical spine) rotary
- Pivot
- Thumb joint (sellar)
- Saddle
- Freely movable, synovial fluid filled joints are called _______
- Diarthrosis
- Metatarsophalangeal joint; movement in sag and coronal planes
- Condyloid
- Bind bone to bone; excess stretch is a strain
- Ligaments
- These two ligaments of the hip prevent excess ABduction
- Pubofemoral and iliofemoral (Y ligament)
- Ligament of hip that prevents excessive internal rotation of the femur
- Ischiofemoral
- Heart muscles; involuntary; striated
- Cardiac
- Involuntary; lines walls of blood vessels, bronchi, etc
- Smooth
- Voluntary; striated
- Skeletal
- Fleshy part of skeletal muscle
- Muscle belly
- Attach muscle to bone
- Tendon
- Where tendon attaches proximally
- Origin
- Where tendons attach distally
- Insertion
- Fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilaments, (actin and myosin)
- Sarcomere
- Covers entire muscle
- Epimysium
- Surrounds a bundle of fibers called fasicle
- Perimysium
- Covers individual muscle fibers
- Endomysium
- Does essential motion (prime movers)
- Agonist
- Opposite motion of agonist
- Antagonist
- Muscle that prevents unwanted motion at one joint to facilitate motion at another
- Synergist
- Decreasing the angle at the joint
- Flexion
- Increasing the angle at a joint
- Extension
- Moving AWAY from midline
- ABduction
- Moving TOWARD the midline
- ADduction
- Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (pseudorotation)
- Circumduction
- Moving a bone around its longitudinal axis (internal; medial or external; lateral)
- Rotation
- Drawing the forefoot up and the heel down (toes to nose)
- Dorsiflexion
- Drawing the forefoot down the heel up (toes to ground; step on gas)
- Plantarflexion
- Turning the sole of the foot inward
- Inversion
- Turning the sole of the foot outward
- Eversion
- Turning the palm of the hand anteriorly (up)
- Supination
-
origin: all lumbar vertebrae (5)
insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
action: flexes hip
nerve: femoral nerve - Psoas Major
-
origin: ilium -iliac fossa
insertion: less trochanter of the femur
action: flexes hip
nerve: femoral nerve - Iliacus
- Two muscles of the anterior hip
- Psoas Major and Iliacus
- The muscles of the anterior hip do what action?
- Flex the hip
- The muscles of the anterior hip are innervated by the
- Femoral nerve
-
origin: posterior ilium; sacrum; (lower vert)
insertion: gluteal tuberosity (femur) IT band
action: extends hip (external rotation)
nerve: inferior gluteal nerve - Gluteus Maximus
-
origin: crest (outer surface)of ilium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
action: ABduction of hip
nerve: superior gluteal nerve - Gluteus Medius
-
origin: outer surface of ilium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
action: ABduction of the hip; stabilizes pelvis
nerve: superior gluteal nerve - Gluteus Minimus
-
origin: anterior border of sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter
action: external rotation of the hip
nerve: nerve to ________ - Piriformis (triangular/ deep)
-
origin: complex
insertion: greater trochanter
action: external rotation of hip (weak extensor)
nerve: varies - Obturators Internus and Externus (deep/ below piriformis)
-
origin: complex
insertion: greater trochanter
action: rotation of hip ( and extend)
nerve: varies - Superior and inferior gemelli (deep/surround obturators)
-
origin:
insertion: greater trochanter
action: external rotation & extensor of hip
nerve: varies - Quadratis femoris (deep)
- What muscles extend the hip?
- Gluteus maximus, sup and inf gemelli, and quadratus femoris
- What muscles abduct the hip?
- Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, & tensor fasciae latae
- What muscles rotate the hip?
- Piriformis, sup and inf gemelli, quadratus femoris, and obturators
- What muscle also flexes the hip as well as abducts?
- Tensor fasciae latae
-
origin: ASIS
insertion: tibia (medial front)
action: crosses hip and knee - flexes
nerve: femoral nerve - Sartorious (longest muscle)
-
origin:AIIS
insertion: quadriceps tendon (patella); tibial tuberosity
action: crosses hip and knee -flexes hip and extends knee
nerve: femoral nerve - Rectus femoris
-
origin: posterior surface femur (linea aspera)
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity
action: extends knee
nerve: femoral nerve - Vastus lateralis
-
origin: linea aspera
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity
action: extends knee
nerve:femoral nerve - Vastus medialis
-
origin: anterior surface of femur
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity
action: extends knee
nerve: femoral nerve - Vastus intermedius
- How many muscles are in the anterior thigh?
- Five (sartorius, 4 quadriceps femoris)
- Name the Quadriceps femoris
- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, v. medialis, v. intermedius
- What two muscles in the anterior thigh flex the hip?
- Sartorius and Rectus femoris
- What muscles of the anterior thigh extend the knee?
- Rectus femoris, v. lateralis, v. medialis, and v. intermedius
- The Vastus Intermedius is _____ to the v. lateralis and v. medialis
- Deep
-
origin: inferior ramus of the pubic bone
insertion: medial border of the tibia below sartorious
action: ADuction of hip; flexes knee
nerve: obturator nerve - Gracilis
-
origin: inferior ramus
insertion: posterior side of femur
action: hip ADuction
nerve: obturator nerve - Adductor longus
-
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial border of femur (all along)
action: hip ADuction
nerve: obturator nerve - Adductor magnus
- How many muscles are in the medial thigh?
- Five (pectineus, gracilis, adductor longus, brevis, and magnus)
- All the muscles of the medial thigh are innervated by the ________
- Obturator nerve
-
origin: long-ischial tuberosity short-linea aspera
insertion: (common tendon) into head of fibula
action: hip extensor; knee flexor
nerve: long-tibial nerve short-common peroneal - Biceps femoris
-
(superficial & longer tendon)
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial side of tibia
action: hip extensor; knee flexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Semitendinosus
-
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial tibial condyle
action: hip extensor & knee flexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Semimembranosus
- How many muscles are in the posterior thigh?
- Three (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
- What is the origin of the muscles of the posterior thigh?
- Ischial tuberosity
- What is the action of all the posterior muscles of the thigh?
- Hip extensor & knee flexor
- What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?
- Tibial nerve
-
position: lateral to tibia
action: dorsiflexion ankle; inversion of foot
nerve: deep peroneal nerve - Tibialis anterior
-
position: lateral to tibialis anterior
action: dorsiflexor; eversion of the foot; extends digits
nerve: deep peroneal nerve - Extensor digitorum longus
-
position: lateral to ext. digit. longus
action: single tendon to great toe; ankle dorsiflexon; inversion of foot; extends big toe
nerve: deep peroneal - Extensor hallucis longus
- How many muscles are in the anterior leg?
- Three (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
- What nerve innervates the anterior leg?
- Deep peroneal nerve
- What two muscles of the three of the anterior leg cause inversion of the foot?
- Tibialis anterior and Extensor hallucis longus
-
origin: head and upper 2/3 of fibula
insertion: base of 1st metatarsal
action: plantarflexion; eversion (strong)
nerve: superficial peroneal nerve - Peroneus longus
-
origin: lateral and upper fibula
insertion: base of 5th metatarsal
action: plantarflexion; eversion
nerve: superficial peroneal - Peroneus brevis
- How many muscles are in the lateral leg?
- Two (Peroneus longus & brevis)
- Both muscles of the lateral leg cause what 2 actions?
- Plantarflexion and eversion
- The Peroneus longus and brevis are both innervated by ________
- Superficial peroneal
-
2 heads cross knee
origin: medial & lateral femoral condyles
insertion: calcaneal tendon
action: flexor of the knee; plantarflexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Gastrocnemius
-
superficial (below gastroc.)
origin: proximal parts of tibia & fibula
insertion: calcaneal tendon
action: plantarflexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Soleus
-
superficial (behind knee)
origin: lateral femoral condyle
insertion: calcaneal tendon
action: weak knee flexor; plantarflexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Plantaris (freshman nerve)
-
origin: lateral femoral condyle
insertion: proximal part of tibia
action: knee flexor
nerve: tibial nerve - Popliteus (deep)
-
position: medial
action: plantarflexor; flexes digits 2-5
nerve: tibial nerve - Flexor digitorum longus
-
position: lateral
action: plantarflexor ankle; flexes hallux
nerve: tibial nerve - Flexor hallucis longus (deep)
- How many muscles are in the posterior leg?
- Seven (3 superficial and 4 deep)
- What muscles of the posterior leg plantarflexes?
- Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior
- What muscles of the posterior leg flex the knee?
- Gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus
- What nerve innervates the posterior leg?
- Tibial nerve
-
position: medial (insert hallux)
action: ABducts hallux
nerve: medial plantar nerve - Abductor hallucis
-
position: middle
action: flexes 2-5
nerve: medial plantar nerve - Flexor digitorum brevis
- Flexes 2-5 indirectly; lateral plantar nerve
- Quadratus plantae
- Btwn tendons; flex metatarsal; phalangeal joints; medial plantar and lateral plantar
- Lumbricales
-
action: ABducts 2,3,4
nerve: lateral plantar nerve - Dorsal interossei
- Which muscles of the foot are superficial?
- Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi
- What muscles of the foot are deep?
- Dorsal and plantar interossei
- Brings tendons close to bone (looks like a wrap)
- Retinaculum
- Sinovial fluid to reduce friction (tunnels)
- Sinovial tendon sheets
- Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus S2-4 supplies muscles of pelvic floor
- Pudendal
- Branch of sciatic nerve from L4-S3 and then branches into medial and lateral plantar nerves (flexors)
- Tibial nerve
- Branch of sciatic nerve that divides into a sup. and deep
- Common peroneal
- Proximal muscles (motor neurons) connect _____ in horn
- Medial
- Hollow hole in blood vessel
- Lumen
- Internal coat; endothelium; interelastic membrane
- Tunica intima
- Middle coat-smooth muscle; elastic
- Tunica media
- Vessel that is a layer of endothelium; allows diffusion
- Capillary
- Takes blood to heart; valves ensure one way flow (esp. in lower extremities) less smooth muscle-lumen is larger
- Vein
- Two vessels connect (more in veins)
- Anastomoses
- Femoral triangle is made up of what muscles?
- Inguinal ligament, sartorious, adductor longus, iliopsoas, pectineus
- Femoral triangle contains what?
- Femoral nerve, artery and vein
- Popliteal fossa contains what muscles?
- Biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus, lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius
- Popliteal fossa contains what vessels?
- Popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve
- Hole in adductor magnus
- Adductor canal
- Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L4-S1 and innervates the gluteus medius and minimus
- Sup. gluteal nerve
- Spinal nerve in lumbar plexus L2-L4 that passes by psoas major, iliacus, crosses inguinal ligament and goes to ant. thigh
- Femoral nerve
- Spinal nerve in lumbar plexus L2-L4 that comes our of obturator foramen; medial compartment of the thigh
- Obturator nerve
- Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L5-S2 and innervates gluteus maximus
- Inf. gluteal nerve
- All the muscles of the medial thigh do what?
- ADuct the hip
- Digits 2-5 have ___ bones... ____ ____ and ____
- Three; proximal, middle, distal
- Forms another foramen thru which a nerve comes
- Sacrotuberous lig.
- Opening btwn adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerve emerges
- Intervertebral foramen
- Convexity of spine facing posteriorly
- Kyphosis
- Convexity of spine facing anteriorly
- Lordosis
- Lateral curve in spine
- Scoliosis
- What are the Erector Spinae muscles and what innervates them?
- Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis; dorsal rami nerve
- Ribs 1-7 are ____ ribs.
- True
- False ribs do not reach sternum directly; these are ribs ___ - ___.
- 8-12
- Ribs 8-10 are connected to costal cartilage of rib __.
- Seven
- Ribs 11 and 12 have no sternal attachments so they are called ________ ____.
- Floating ribs
- Ribs 3-10 articulate with the _______ of the thoracis vert.
- Demifacets
- These 3 muscles of the back rotate and extend vertbral column and span short segments
- Transversospinalis, interspinales, intertransversales
- 45% of head rotation is done in the _____ and ____ . The rest is done in C2-C7.
- Atlas and axis
- Arteries of lower limb begin when the _______ _______ _______ crosses the inguinal lig. and becomes the ________ _______.
- External iliac artery; femoral artery
- Begins when the femoral a. passes thru the adductor hiatus/ canal (opening in adductor magnus)
- Popliteal a.
- Last branch of post. tibial a. of posterior leg
- Peroneal a.
- Pulse of foot can be felt here; branch of ant. tib. a.
- Dorsalis pedis a.
- Supplies feet and toes with blood
- Medial and lateral plantar aa.
- Artery in posterior thigh that supplies the hamstrings
- Deep femoral a
-
position: between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
action: plantarflexor; inversion of foot
nerve: tibial nerve - Tibialis posterior (deep)
- What muscles of the leg cause inversion?
- Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior
- What muscles of the leg cause eversion?
- Extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis
- Formed between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae; gliding type joints, allows for flexion, extension and rotation, depending on regional differences
- Facet joints
- Prevents excessive extension and runs length of vert. column
- Anterior longitudinal lig.
- Next to spinal canal and prevents excessive flexion
- Posterior longitudinal lig.
- Prevents excessive flexion and attaches on the spinous processes; has a thick part in cervical area called the ligamentum nuchae
- Supraspinous ligament
- Prevents excessive flexion; attaches under spinous process to the top of the next process
- Intraspinous lig.
- Connects posterior laminae
- Ligamentum flava
- Turns the sacrum and greater sciatic notch into a foramen; sciatic nerve comes thru it
- Sacrospinous lig.
- How many muscles are there in the posterior hip group?
-
Eight
(3 gluteus, tensor, piriformis, obturators, gemelli, and quadratus femoris) - Joint that can move in all planes (enarthroidal)
- Ball and Socket
- Composed of nerve cell processes; have myelin coating
- White matter
- Mixture of sensory and motor fibers that branch anteriorly; these are the processes that will be involved in the formation of nerve plexuses
- Ventral ramus
- Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L4-S3 comes out under piriformis and has 2 divisions
- Sciatic
- Stem cells (immature) in center of bone
- Red marrow
-
action: ADducts 3,4,5
nerve: lateral plantar nerve - Plantar interossei
- Turning the palm of the hand posteriorly (down)
- Pronation
-
origin: superior ramus of the pubic bone
insertion: femur (medial side)
action: ADuction of the hip
nerve: obturator nerve (and sometimes the femoral nerve) - Pectineus
- Move blood away from heart; thicker wall
- Artery
- Outer coat-white fibrous connective tissue
- Tunica externa or adventitia
- Shaft of a long bone
- Diaphysis
- What one action does all three muscles of the anterior leg do?
- Dorsiflexion of ankle
- What three joints have gliding or arthodial joints?
- Talocalcaneal, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid
-
origin: anterior part of iliac crest
insertion: Gerdy's tuburcle (IT band)
action: ABducts and flexes hip
nerve: superior gluteal nerve - Tensor Fasciae latae (broad band of connective tissue; IT band)
-
position: lateral
action: abducts baby toe
nerve: lateral plantar nerve - Abductor digiti minimi
-
shorter (deep)
origin: inf. ramus
insertion: posterior side of femur
action: Adduction of hip
nerve: obturator nerve - Adductor brevis