This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

Psych Chapter 3

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
ions
chemical particles with electrical charges
opposites attract
neuron
chemical keys with a special shape-fit with a chemical lock/receptor
neurotransmitters
brain cell with extensions to receive and transmit electric signals
dendrites
branchlike extensions from cell body to receive and pass signals to cell body
end bulbs
miniature containers at extrememe ends of axon branches; store chemicals called neurotransmitters
Parkinson's disease
tremors, shakes, progressive slowing of voluntary movements with feelings of depression
autonomic nervous system
regulates heart rate, breathng, blood pressure--INVOLUNTARY movements
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
carries information back and fortch between the brain and the body
frontal lobe
large cortical area in the FRONT of the brain

like an executive
MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

pass radio frequencies through brain and measure how signals interact with brain cells
peripheral nervous system
nerves that extend from the spinal cord

carry messages to and from muscles, glands, and sense organs
PET SCAN
positron emission tomography

measure a radioactive solution absorbed by brain cells

shows activity of various neurons
somatic nervous system
network of nerves that connect to sensory receptors or to muscles that are moved voluntarily
cerebellum
BACK OF THE BRAIN

coordinates but DOES NOT INITIATE voluntary movements
endocrine system
a main system

glands that secrete hormones
occipital lobe
processes visual information

sees colors and recognizes objects
reductionism
scientists attempt to explain complex phenomenas by reducing them to simpler components
motor neurons do what?
carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles
glia does (2 things):
-provide insulation
-remove waste product and foreign bodies
sensory neurons do what?
carry information from sense organs to the central nervous system
the ______ transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
motor neurons
both reflex + voluntary response are conducted though the _______
spinal cord
voluntary response orginates in ________ and travels through _______ to muscles needed to carry out movement
originates in brain and travels through spinal cord
you experience yourself as a
unitary entity
experience is the product of a _________ made up of an enormous number of _______
experience is the product of a nervous system made up on an enormous number of discrete cells
inter-neurons are in which nervous system? what do they do?
inter-neurons are in the central nervous system. they process info, interpret it, send commands to muscles, glands and organs
neurons
cells that make up your nervous system
glial cells: size and amount
1/10th size of neurons, 10 times as many as neurons
3 basic parts of neurons
-cell body
-dendrites
-axon

action potentials:
axons convey information by a combination of electrical and chemical processes
__________ is an excitation that travels along the axon at a constant strength reguardless the distance it must travel
action potential
all-or-none law
an action potential is an all or nothing process. its either happening or not, theres no "sort of" action potential. not half assed.
an unstimulated axon has __________. this is an ______________
an unstimulated axon has resting potential. this is an electrical polarization across the membrane covering the axon.
resting potential is maintained by this mechanism:
sodium potassium-pump
in a sodium-potassium pump:_________ is mostly concentrated outside the neuron, and ________ mostly inside, they are held together by ___________ while____________
sodium is mostly concentrated outside the neuron, and potassium inside, and they are held in place by special "gates" while the polarization is maintained by the action of the pump
-the sodium potassium pump sends:
-the result?
-positively charged (+1) sodium ions out of the cell and brings in a smaller amount of positively charged (+1) potassium ions
-the result is that the outside has more positive charges than the inside
when a message from a neighboring cell excites part of the axons membrane:__________
-this makes_________ and __________has taken place
-the charge is now briefly________, this is ________

-some of the sodium gates are opened and sodium can enter the axon.
-this makes the charge inside the cell positive and depolarization has taken place.
-the charge is now briefly the same inside and outside the cell. this is action potential.

right after this long process of action potential:
sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow:__________
-these ions take positive charge out of them, and
-this all eventually:


-sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell.
-these ions take positive charge out of them, and bring the axon back to a polarized state
-this all eventually removes excess sodium ions and recaptures the exiled potassium ions

The central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body via
the peripheral system
The peripheral nervous system is composed of
bundles of axons between the spinal cord and the rest of the
body.
two sets of subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system.
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Embryological development
During the embryonic stage, the vertebrate nervous system forms out of a simple tube with three lumps.
the 3 lumps in the simple tube are? what do they form?

-The forebrain that becomes the cerebral cortex and other higher structures
-The midbrain and hindbrain become the brainstem.
The spinal cord communicates with the body below the head by means of
sensory and motor neurons
The________ carry information received by the senses from the extremities of the body to the spinal
cord.
sensory neurons
A division of the peripheral nervous system that is closely associated with the spinal cord is the
autonomic nervous system
called autonomic nervous system bc
The individual has very little control over the responses in this division, thus the name, autonomic.
two subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
-The sympathetic nervous system
-The parasympathetic nervous system
-The sympathetic nervous system
crisis management center. heart rate/perspiration, flight or fight

The parasympathetic nervous system

- is in charge of long-term survival related functions, nutrition and
energy conservation.

unusual behavior or problems in functioning may be due to
lack or excess of a particular neurotransmitter
parkinsons disease
gradual decay in a system of axons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
dopamine
a neurotransmitter that promotes activity levels and facilitated movement
symptoms of parkinsons can be managed in mild cases with a drug called
l-dopa, which neurons synthesize into dopamine
the endocrine system is under the control of
the nervous system
affect mood, behavior and even anatomy
horomones
epinephrine is called ______ when acting as a horomone
adrenaline
some neurotransmitters act as ________ when released into the bloodstream
horomones
two important structures in the hindbrain
-medulla oblangata
-pons
cerebellum also in charge of
tasks that require shifting of attention and discrimination between stimuli.
-The medulla, pons and midbrain contain
-This structure regulates
-the reticular activating system (or reticular formation.)
-This structure regulates levels of arousal in the brain.
The hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other through a thick bundle of axons crossing between
them, called
corpus collosum
The outer covering of the forebrain is known as the

cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex (outer covering of forebrain) is made up of
gray matter-the cell bodies of the cortical neurons.
The interior of the forebrain is made up of
white matter or axons of cortical neurons. It is white because of the
myelin that coats axons.
The four lobes of the cerebral cortex
occipital, parietal, temporal, and
frontal.
The ___________ is at the rear of the head, and contains many specialized areas for interpreting visual sensory
information.
occipital lobe
The ________ is directly in front of the occipital lobe.

parietal lobe
the parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex which is
for body senses and
awareness of the location of body parts.
The hippocampus and
amygdala are deep inside the
temporal lobes
important language processing areas
The left temporal lobe
The foremost part of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal cortex, is responsible for
organization, planning of action,
and aspects of memory.
primary motor cortex
controlling fine movements
cat scan
doesnt show brain activity. dye in bloodstream.
the binding problem
We still don’t understand precisely how all the different parts of the brain allow us to have a unified experience of
objects or events, since the areas of the brain that help us analyze our experience are often not directly connected
to each other.

The right hemisphere needs to communicate with the left
in order to name the objects in its visual field.
thalamus
sound, somatosensory, sight signals. sends these signals to cerebral cortex
left hemisphere talks to right to:
make whole picture. parts of face into a whole face
The temporal lobes are located on the sides of the head, near the ears. they are the main areas for
hearing and complex parts of vision
3 major structures of limbic system:
hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala
hippocampus
memory combining
hypothalamus
-drives endocrine system
-hunger, thirst, sexual desire
amygdala
emotional and motivated behaviors
medulla and oblongata
-breathing and heartrate
-relaying sensory info from head and sending motor messages back to it
occiptial
interprets visual information
sympathetic nervous system controlled by:
A chain of neurons lying just outside the spinal cord controls the sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system controlled by:
-the parasympathetic system is controlled by neurons at the upper and lower levels of the spinal cord

Deck Info

87

permalink