Psych Chapter 3
Terms
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- ions
-
chemical particles with electrical charges
opposites attract - neuron
- chemical keys with a special shape-fit with a chemical lock/receptor
- neurotransmitters
- brain cell with extensions to receive and transmit electric signals
- dendrites
- branchlike extensions from cell body to receive and pass signals to cell body
- end bulbs
- miniature containers at extrememe ends of axon branches; store chemicals called neurotransmitters
- Parkinson's disease
- tremors, shakes, progressive slowing of voluntary movements with feelings of depression
- autonomic nervous system
- regulates heart rate, breathng, blood pressure--INVOLUNTARY movements
- central nervous system
-
brain and spinal cord
carries information back and fortch between the brain and the body - frontal lobe
-
large cortical area in the FRONT of the brain
like an executive - MRI
-
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
pass radio frequencies through brain and measure how signals interact with brain cells - peripheral nervous system
-
nerves that extend from the spinal cord
carry messages to and from muscles, glands, and sense organs - PET SCAN
-
positron emission tomography
measure a radioactive solution absorbed by brain cells
shows activity of various neurons - somatic nervous system
- network of nerves that connect to sensory receptors or to muscles that are moved voluntarily
- cerebellum
-
BACK OF THE BRAIN
coordinates but DOES NOT INITIATE voluntary movements - endocrine system
-
a main system
glands that secrete hormones - occipital lobe
-
processes visual information
sees colors and recognizes objects - reductionism
- scientists attempt to explain complex phenomenas by reducing them to simpler components
- motor neurons do what?
- carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles
- glia does (2 things):
-
-provide insulation
-remove waste product and foreign bodies - sensory neurons do what?
- carry information from sense organs to the central nervous system
- the ______ transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
- motor neurons
- both reflex + voluntary response are conducted though the _______
- spinal cord
- voluntary response orginates in ________ and travels through _______ to muscles needed to carry out movement
- originates in brain and travels through spinal cord
- you experience yourself as a
- unitary entity
- experience is the product of a _________ made up of an enormous number of _______
- experience is the product of a nervous system made up on an enormous number of discrete cells
- inter-neurons are in which nervous system? what do they do?
- inter-neurons are in the central nervous system. they process info, interpret it, send commands to muscles, glands and organs
- neurons
- cells that make up your nervous system
- glial cells: size and amount
- 1/10th size of neurons, 10 times as many as neurons
- 3 basic parts of neurons
-
-cell body
-dendrites
-axon - action potentials:
- axons convey information by a combination of electrical and chemical processes
- __________ is an excitation that travels along the axon at a constant strength reguardless the distance it must travel
- action potential
- all-or-none law
- an action potential is an all or nothing process. its either happening or not, theres no "sort of" action potential. not half assed.
- an unstimulated axon has __________. this is an ______________
- an unstimulated axon has resting potential. this is an electrical polarization across the membrane covering the axon.
- resting potential is maintained by this mechanism:
- sodium potassium-pump
- in a sodium-potassium pump:_________ is mostly concentrated outside the neuron, and ________ mostly inside, they are held together by ___________ while____________
- sodium is mostly concentrated outside the neuron, and potassium inside, and they are held in place by special "gates" while the polarization is maintained by the action of the pump
-
-the sodium potassium pump sends:
-the result? -
-positively charged (+1) sodium ions out of the cell and brings in a smaller amount of positively charged (+1) potassium ions
-the result is that the outside has more positive charges than the inside -
when a message from a neighboring cell excites part of the axons membrane:__________
-this makes_________ and __________has taken place
-the charge is now briefly________, this is ________ -
-some of the sodium gates are opened and sodium can enter the axon.
-this makes the charge inside the cell positive and depolarization has taken place.
-the charge is now briefly the same inside and outside the cell. this is action potential. -
right after this long process of action potential:
sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow:__________
-these ions take positive charge out of them, and
-this all eventually: -
-sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell.
-these ions take positive charge out of them, and bring the axon back to a polarized state
-this all eventually removes excess sodium ions and recaptures the exiled potassium ions - The central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body via
- the peripheral system
- The peripheral nervous system is composed of
-
bundles of axons between the spinal cord and the rest of the
body. - two sets of subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system.
- The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
- Embryological development
- During the embryonic stage, the vertebrate nervous system forms out of a simple tube with three lumps.
-
the 3 lumps in the simple tube are? what do they form?
-
-The forebrain that becomes the cerebral cortex and other higher structures
-The midbrain and hindbrain become the brainstem. - The spinal cord communicates with the body below the head by means of
- sensory and motor neurons
-
The________ carry information received by the senses from the extremities of the body to the spinal
cord. - sensory neurons
- A division of the peripheral nervous system that is closely associated with the spinal cord is the
- autonomic nervous system
- called autonomic nervous system bc
- The individual has very little control over the responses in this division, thus the name, autonomic.
- two subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
-
-The sympathetic nervous system
-The parasympathetic nervous system - -The sympathetic nervous system
-
crisis management center. heart rate/perspiration, flight or fight
- The parasympathetic nervous system
-
- is in charge of long-term survival related functions, nutrition and
energy conservation. - unusual behavior or problems in functioning may be due to
- lack or excess of a particular neurotransmitter
- parkinsons disease
- gradual decay in a system of axons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
- dopamine
- a neurotransmitter that promotes activity levels and facilitated movement
- symptoms of parkinsons can be managed in mild cases with a drug called
- l-dopa, which neurons synthesize into dopamine
- the endocrine system is under the control of
- the nervous system
- affect mood, behavior and even anatomy
- horomones
- epinephrine is called ______ when acting as a horomone
- adrenaline
- some neurotransmitters act as ________ when released into the bloodstream
- horomones
- two important structures in the hindbrain
-
-medulla oblangata
-pons - cerebellum also in charge of
- tasks that require shifting of attention and discrimination between stimuli.
-
-The medulla, pons and midbrain contain
-This structure regulates -
-the reticular activating system (or reticular formation.)
-This structure regulates levels of arousal in the brain. -
The hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other through a thick bundle of axons crossing between
them, called - corpus collosum
-
The outer covering of the forebrain is known as the
- cerebral cortex
- cerebral cortex (outer covering of forebrain) is made up of
- gray matter-the cell bodies of the cortical neurons.
- The interior of the forebrain is made up of
-
white matter or axons of cortical neurons. It is white because of the
myelin that coats axons. - The four lobes of the cerebral cortex
-
occipital, parietal, temporal, and
frontal. -
The ___________ is at the rear of the head, and contains many specialized areas for interpreting visual sensory
information. - occipital lobe
-
The ________ is directly in front of the occipital lobe.
- parietal lobe
- the parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex which is
-
for body senses and
awareness of the location of body parts. -
The hippocampus and
amygdala are deep inside the - temporal lobes
- important language processing areas
- The left temporal lobe
- The foremost part of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal cortex, is responsible for
-
organization, planning of action,
and aspects of memory. - primary motor cortex
- controlling fine movements
- cat scan
- doesnt show brain activity. dye in bloodstream.
- the binding problem
-
We still don’t understand precisely how all the different parts of the brain allow us to have a unified experience of
objects or events, since the areas of the brain that help us analyze our experience are often not directly connected
to each other. - The right hemisphere needs to communicate with the left
- in order to name the objects in its visual field.
- thalamus
- sound, somatosensory, sight signals. sends these signals to cerebral cortex
- left hemisphere talks to right to:
- make whole picture. parts of face into a whole face
- The temporal lobes are located on the sides of the head, near the ears. they are the main areas for
- hearing and complex parts of vision
- 3 major structures of limbic system:
- hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala
- hippocampus
- memory combining
- hypothalamus
-
-drives endocrine system
-hunger, thirst, sexual desire - amygdala
- emotional and motivated behaviors
- medulla and oblongata
-
-breathing and heartrate
-relaying sensory info from head and sending motor messages back to it - occiptial
- interprets visual information
- sympathetic nervous system controlled by:
- A chain of neurons lying just outside the spinal cord controls the sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system controlled by:
- -the parasympathetic system is controlled by neurons at the upper and lower levels of the spinal cord