pathology 2
Terms
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- Mobitz I
- 117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block. 118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
- Mobitz II
- 119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
- P wave
- 120. Atrial depol.
- a wave
- 121. LA contraction
- T wave
- 122. Vetricular repol.
- Wavy fibers
- 123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
- JanewayÂ’s lesions
- 124. Acute bacterial endocarditis. 125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
- OslerÂ’s nodes
- 126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis. 127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
- Thiamine defcy
- 128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption 129. Dry Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy 130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
- Fibrinous Pericarditis
- 131. Associated w/ MI: DresslerÂ’s
- Serous Pericarditis
- 132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
- Friction Rub
- 133. Pericarditis association
- Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
- 134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- 135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart 136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly 137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
- PML ‘s infectious agent
- 138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
- Edema
- 139. inc.Pc (more seeps out) 140. dec.ðc (less reabsorbed) 141. inc. permeability 142. Block lymphatic drainage
- Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
- 143. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present. 144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
- Malignant HTN & Kidneys
- 145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
- Nephritic signs
- 146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
- Nephrotic signs
- 147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema Podocyte Effacement seen w/ 148. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
- ASO seen in
- 149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to âHGASrtep) 150. Anti streptolysin O
- Crescentic GN
- 151. Rapidly progressive GN - nephritic syndrome 152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
- Hereditary Nephritis
- 153. AlportÂ’s syndrome. X linked 154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
- Membranoproliferative GN
- 155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL 156. See tram tracking
- TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
- 157. C3 & IgG deposits
- TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
- 158. Only C3 deposits 159. Aka Dense deposit disease
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
- 160. IgM & C3 deposits
- Cold agglutinins
- 161. Seen in atypical pneumonia 162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
- Scrofula
- 163. TB in the lymph nodes
- Aspirin-Asthma Triad
- 164. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
- Ferruginous bodies
- 165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
- PancoastÂ’s tumor causes
- 166. Ulnar nerve pain & HornerÂ’s syndrome
- Fatty degeneration
- 167. Made up primarily of triglycerides 168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis 169. Associated w/ CCl4
- Cloudy swelling
- 170. Failure of cellular Na pump 171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
- Hydropic degeneration
- 172. Severe form of cloudy swelling 173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea
- Liquefaction necrosis
- 174. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids 175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries 176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
- Coagulation necrosis
- 177. Result of sudden ischemia 178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen
- Caseation necrosis
- 179. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis 180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection
- Fibrinoid necrosis
- 181. Seen in the walls of small arteries 182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis
- Fat necrosis
- 183. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes 184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
- Hemoptysis
- 185. Blood in sputum
- Pulmonary embolism
- 186. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
- Phlebothrombosis
- 187. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt, 188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to inc.d blood coagulability
- Saddle embolus
- 189. Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks 190. inc.inc. RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale
- Paradoxical embolism
- 191. Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation 192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect
- Tuberculoid granuloma
- 193. Collection of macrophages w/o caseation 194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections
- Cellulitis
- 195. Spreading infection due to streptococcus
- PSA
- 196. Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
- inc.inc.5-HT
- 197. In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
- inc. áFeto Protein
- 198. Hepatocarcinoma 199. Neural tube defects
- CEA
- 200. Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
- Chromosome 13
- 201. Retinoblastoma
- Chromosome 11p
- 202. Wilms tumor of the kidney
- Vinyl Chloride
- 203. Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
- Agent Orange
- 204. Contains dioxin 205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-HodgkinÂ’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas
- Parasites & CA
- 206. Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA 207. S. mansoni = Colon CA 208. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen
- Ochronosis
- 209. Alkaptonuria 210. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) 211. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine 212. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
- Lead poisoning
- 213. Acid fast inclusion bodies 214. inc. urinary coproprophyrin 215. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic 216. Stippling of the basophils 217. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray 218. Mental retardation
- Heroin OD, clinically
- 219. Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- 220. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
- Atypical mycobacterium
- 221. M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
- Cold abscesses
- 222. Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
- Actinomyces isrealli
- 223. Farmers infection 224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
- Congenital Syphilis
- 225. Saddle nose, Saber shin, HutchinsonÂ’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
- Warthin-Finkeledy cells
- 226. Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen 227. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- 228. Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
- Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
- 229. á Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
- Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
- 230. Staph aureus, â Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli 231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics
- Mitral Insufficiency
- 232. Ruptured papillary muscle
- Left Anterior Descending branch
- 233. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 234. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion 235. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
- Left Circumflex branch
- 236. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
- Dissecting Aneurysm
- 238. False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta 239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, MarfanÂ’s Collagen disease 240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
- Cor Pulmonale
- 241. Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
- Acute Cor Pulmonale
- 242. Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
- Bronchopneumonia
- 243. Lobular (rather than lobar) 244. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli 245. Abscess formation is common
- Lobar pneumonia
- 246. Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella) 247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia 248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia 249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media.
- Bronchiectasis
- 250. Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip 251. Supparation associated 252. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
- Panlobular Emphysema
- 254. á1 - antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase inc. = inc. compliance in the lung
- Bulla
- 255. Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
- Farmer ‘s Lung
- 256. Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
- Bagassosis
- 257. Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes) 258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust
- Silo-FillerÂ’s Lung
- 259. Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
- G6PDH Deficiency
- 260. Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans 261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs
- HbF inc.inc.
- 262. Sickle Cell Anemia
- Multiple Myeloma
- 306. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; inc. proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dxn307. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA 308. Hypercalcemia (inc. bone destruction)
- Hodgkin ‘s Disease
- 264. Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection 265. Reed Sternberg cells
- Polyarteritis Nodosa
- 266. Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall 267. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag 268. Can see fever; abd.pain; dec. wt; HTN; muscle aches
- Sprue
- 269. Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted 270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & inc. IgA levels
- Regional Enteritis
- 271. Crohn ‘s Disease 272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
- Whipple ‘s Disease
- 273. Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
- Kulchitsky cells
- 274. Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
- Ulcerative Colitis
- 275. Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ inc. colon CA incidence 276. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn 277. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep 278. Not transmural involvement
- Vaginal Adenosis
- 279. Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy 280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix
- Scirrhous Carcinoma
- 281. Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
- Hofbauer Cells
- 282. Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- Retinopathy of Prematurity
- 283. Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
- IgA deficiency
- 284. Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ inc. respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune disease 285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
- Priamry Sjorgen ‘s
- 286. Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. inc. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
- Secondary Sjorgen ‘s
- 287. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association 288. RA association shows HLA-DR4
- LDH1 & LDH2
- 289. Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
- LDH3
- 290. Lung tissue
- LDH4 & LDH5
- 291. Liver cells
- Keratomalacia
- 292. Severe Vit A deficiency. See BitotÂ’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
- Metabisfite Test
- 293. Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution 294. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
- 295. Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 296. See Helmet cells
- WrightÂ’s stain
- 297. Stain for BurkittÂ’s lymphoma
- Mononucleosis
- 298. Due to EBV infeciton 299. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
- T(8;14)
- 300. BurkittÂ’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
- T(9;22)
- 301. CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
- Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
- 302. Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma 303. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
- Myeloid Metaplasia
- 304. Alkaline phosphatase inc./normal compare to CML = low to absent 305. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
- T(14;18)
- 309. NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
- Focal Segmental GN exs
- 310. IgA Focal GN = BergerÂ’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
- Nephrotic Syndrome exs
- 311. Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B;
- Syphilis; Penicillamine Schistosoma Haematobium
- 312. Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type) 313. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
- Penicillin Resistant PID
- 314. PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
- Duret Hemorrhages
- 315. Severe inc. in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain 316. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
- Hypertensive Hemorrhage
- 317. Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
- Cerebral Embolism from
- 318. MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
- Neurosyphilis
- 319. Tabes Dorsalis = dec. joint position sensation, dec. pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils 320. Syphilitic meningitis 321. Paretic neurosyphilis
- 5p-
- 322. Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
- Trisomy 13
- 323. PatauÂ’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
- Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
- 324. Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs 325. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
- Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
- 326. Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
- RBC Osmotic Fragility
- 327. Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Non-HodgkinÂ’s Lymphomas
- 328. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL. 329. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene 330. Large Cell 331. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL 332. Small Non Cleaved = BurkittÂ’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
- SingerÂ’s Nodules
- 333. Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
- Paraseptal emphysema
- 334. Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
- Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
- 335. Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
- Betel nuts
- 336. Associated to oral cancer.
- Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
- 337. Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
- Antral (Type B) Gastritis
- 338. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- 339. Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs 340. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)
- Acute Pancreatitis
- 341. inc. pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; inc. serum amylase 342. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
- Radiating Back Pain
- 343. Chronic pancreatitis
- Complete Hydatidiform Mole
- 344. No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
- Partial Hydatidiform Mole
- 345. Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
- Cold Nodules
- 346. Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. (Opposite: hot & do take up iodine)
- Acidophils
- 347. Mammotrophs = Prolactin 348. Somatotrophs = GH
- Basophils
- 349. Thyrotrophs = TSH 350. Gonadotrophs = LH 351. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
- Lacunar Strokes
- 352. Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.353. Sensory: lesion of thalamus 354. Motor: lesion of internal capsule
- CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
- 355. dec. Glucose; inc. Protein; inc. Neutrophils; inc. Pressure
- CSF of Viral Meningitis
- 356. Normal Glucose; +/-inc. Protein; inc. Lymphocytes
- Marble Bone Disease 3
- 57. Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of inc.d bone density, many fractures = dec. osteoclasts
- C5a
- 358. Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
- C3b
- 359. Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
- Anaphylotoxins
- 360. C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
- Vasoactive Mediators
- 361. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF 362. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2á; Bradykinin; PAF 363. inc.d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2á; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
- Platelet Aggregation
- 364. ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
- Platelet Antagonist
- 365. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
- Intrinsic Pathway
- 366. F XII (Hagman): APTT
- Extrinsic Pathway
- 367. F VII: PT
- Lines of Zahn
- 368. Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
- Currant Jelly appearance
- 369. Post mortem clots
- Emigration: Chemotaxis 3
- 70. Margination 371. Pavementing 372. Adhesion 373. Chemotaxis 374. Phagocytosis 375. Intracellular microbial killing
- Transudate
- 376. Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
- Exudate
- 377. Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
- Hurler ‘s
- 378. Lysosomal storage disease á L Iduronidase - Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
- Galactosemia
- 379. Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. inc. Galactose 1 Phosphate
- Phenylketonuria
- 380. Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. inc. Phenyalanine & degradation products 381. Mousy body odor
- Autosomal Dominant Diseases
- 382. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease 383. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 384. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 385. Hereditary Spherocytosis 386. HuntingtonÂ’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 387. MarfanÂ’s Syndrome 388. Neurofibromatosis (von RecklinghausenÂ’s) 389. Tuberous Sclerosis 390. Von Hippel Lindau Disease
- Autosomal Recessive Diseases
- 391. Tay-Sachs 392. GaucherÂ’s 393. Niemann-Pick 394. HurlerÂ’s 395. Von GierkeÂ’s 396. PompeÂ’s 397. CoriÂ’s 398. McArdleÂ’s 399. Galactosemia 400. PKU 401. Alcaptonuria
- X Linked Recessive Diseases
- 402. Hunter ‘s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, inc. Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate) 403. Fabry ‘s Disease (á Galactosidase A deficiency, inc. Ceremide Trihexoside) 404. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, inc. Ceremide Trihexoside) 405. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, inc. Uric acid) 406. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, inc. Ceremide trihexoside) 407. Duchenn ‘s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, inc. Ceremide Trihexoside)
- Type I (Anaphylactic)
- IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives 409.
- Type II (Cytotoxic)
- Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; GraveÂ’s Disease; Goodpastures
- Type III (Immune Complex)
- Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
- Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity) Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells
- Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing
- Transplant Rejections
- 412. Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated. 413. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. 414. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.
- Blood Metastasis
- 415. Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
- Lymph Metastasis
- 416. Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
- Aflatoxin
- 417. Seen w/ Aspergillus. inc. risk for Hepatocellular CA
- Cleft Lip
- 418. Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
- Cleft Palate
- 419. Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
- Craniopharyngioma
- 416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- Inolved in Vision relay
- Medial Geniculate Body
- Involved in Hearing relay
- Lung Development
- Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks ---Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks ---Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth ---Alveolar period birth-8yoa
- HeartÂ’s 1st Beat
- 21-22 days
- Foregut
- Mouth -> Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
- Midgut
- Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct -> Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
- Hindgut
- Splenic Flexure -> Butt crack -> supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
- Narcolepsy