EXAM #2 (Soc. 335: Drug and Alcohol Abuse)
Terms
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- An extremely potent and dependence-producing stimulant drug, derived from the coca leaf.
- Cocaine
- Hallucinatory behavior, produced by chronic cocaine or amphetamine abuse, in which the individual feels insects or snakes crawling either over or under the skin.
- Formication
- A set of symptoms, including hallucinations, paranoia, and disordered thinking, produced from chronic use of cocaine.
- cocaine psychosis
- A phenomenon in the brain that produces a heightened sensitivity to repeated administrations of a drug. This heightened sensitivity is the opposite of the phenomenon of tolerance.
- Kindling effect
- The form of cocaine that is inhaled (snorted) or injected into the bloodstream.
- Cocaine hydrochloride
- A smokable form of cocaine
- free-base cocaine
- A family of ephedrine-based stimulant drugs.
- amphetamine
- Shortened name for dextroamphetmine, a potent form of amphetamine, marketed under the brand name Dexedrine.
- d-amphetamine
- An often abused type of amphetamine, once marketed under the brand name Methedrine. Methamphetamine abusers refer to it as speed or meth.
- Methamphetamine
- A set of symptoms, including hallucinations, paranoia, and disordered thinking, resulting from high doses of amphetamines.
- Amphetamine psychosis
- A smokable form of methamphetamine
- ice
- A behavioral disorder characterized by increased motor activity and reduced attention span.
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- a general term technically referring to opiate-related or opiate-derived drugs. It is often mistakenly used to include several other illicit drug categories as well.
- narcotics
- An analgesic and euphoriant drug acquired from the dried juice of the opium poppy.
- Opium
- Any ingredients of opium or chemical derivatives of these ingredients. Opiates generally refer to opium, morphine, codeine, thebaine, and heroin.
- Opiates
- Synthetic drugs unrelated to morphine that produce opiate-like effects.
- Synthetic opiates
- The major active ingredient in opium.
- morphine
- One of the three active ingredients in opium, used primarily to treat coughing.
- Codeine
- One of three active ingredients in opium.
- Thebaine
- A chemical derivative of morphine. It is approximately three times as potent as morphine and a major drug of abuse.
- Heroin
- A potent form of heroin, generally brownish in color, originating in Mexico.
- Black tar
- A chemical derivative of thebaine, used as a prescription painkiller. The street name for fentanyl and related compounds is China White.
- Fentanyl
- A form of opium used medically for the control of gastrointestinal difficulties.
- Paregoric
- Having an effect that controls coughing
- Antitussive
- A popular nonarcotic ingredient used in over-the-counter cough remedies.
- Dextromethorphan
- A pure antagonist for morphine and other opiate drugs. Brand name is Narcan
- Naloxone
- A class of chemicals produced inside the body that mimic the effects of opiate drugs. Also known as endorphins.
- Endogenous opioid peptides
- The taking of heroin on an occasional basis.
- Chipping
- The process of drug withdrawal in which the body is allowed to rid itself of the chemical effects of the drug in the bloodstream.
- Detoxification
- A synthetic opiate useful in treating heroin abuse. Brand name is Darvon.
- Propoxyphene
- A synthetic opiate useful in treating heroin abuse.
- Methadone
- A procedure involving the administration of naloxone and clonidine to heroin abusers while anesthetized or under heavy sedation, in order to achieve complete heroin withdrawal in a matter of hours.
- Ultra-rapid opioid detoxification
- A drug, ordinarily used for treating high blood pressure, that reduces the distress of narcotic withdrawal. Brand name is catapres.
- Clonidine
- A region of the pons in the brain, having a high concentration of receptors sensitive to norepinephrine and endorphins.
- Locus coeruleus
- A treatment program for heroin abusers in which heroin is replaced by the longterm intake of methadone.
- Methadone maintenance
- The synthetic narcotic drug levo-alpha-acetylmethadol used in the treatment of heroin abuse. Brand name is Orlaam.
- LAAM
- A presently experimental synthetic opiate heroine abuse treatment. Brand name is Buprenex.
- Buprenorphine
- Living environment for individuals in treatment for heroin and other drug abuse, where they learn social and psychological skills needed to lead a drug-free life.
- Therapeutic communitities
- A long-lasting form of naloxone. Brand name prior to 1994 was Trexan; brand name since has been changed to ReVia.
- Naltrexone
- Treatment programs in which a combination of detoxification, psychotherapy, and group support is implemented.
- Multimodality programs
- A synthetic, serotonin-related hallucinogenic drug.
- Lysergic acid diethylamide
- A class of drugs producing distortions in perception and body image at moderate doses.
- Hallucinogens
- A fungus infecting rye and other grains.
- Ergot
- A physical and or psychological disorder acquired by ingesting ergot-infected grains. One form of ergotism involves gangrene and eventual loss of limbs; the other form is associated with hallucinations, convulsions, and disordered thinking.
- Ergotism
- A subjective sensation (as of vision) other than the one (as of sound) being stimulated.
- Synesthesia
- A serotonin-related hallucinogenic drug originating from a species of mushrooms.
- psilocybin
- A brain chemical related to serotonin, resulting from the ingestion of psilocybin.
- psilocin
- A hallucinogenic drug fround in morning glory seeds, producing effects similar to those of LSD.
- lysergic acid amide
- a short-acting hallucinogenic drug.
- dimethyltryptamine
- a serotonin-related hallucinogenic drug frequently used by South American shamans in healing rituals.
- harmine
- a serotonin-related drug obtained either from a bean plant 9in Central and South America or the skin of a particular type of toad.
- Bufotenine
- A tendency for the skin to turn bluish purple. It can be a side effect of the drug bufotenine.
- cyanosis
- A norepinephrine-related hallucinogenic drug. Its source is the peyote cactus.
- mescaline
- A species of cactus and the source for the hallucinogenic drug mescaline.
- Peyote
- a synthetic norepinephrine-related hallucinogenic drug, derived from amphetamine. DOM or a combination of DOM and LSD is often referred to by the street name STP.
- DOM
- A synthetic norepinephrine-related hallucinogenic drug. Once considered useful for psychotherapeutic purposes, this drug is now known to produce significant adverse side-effects, including neuronal damage.
- MDMA (ecstasy)
- A species of mushroom containing the hallucinogenic drug ibotenic acid.
- Amanita muscaria
- A hallucinogenic drug originating from the West African iboga root.
- ibogaine
- An anticholinergic hallucinogenic drug derived from the atropa belladonna plant.
- Atropine
- An anticholinergic hallucinogenic drug.
- scopolamine (aka hyoscine)
- an anticholinergic hallucinogenic drug found in mandrake and henbane plants.
- hyoscyamine
- A plant species, also called deadly nightshade, whose berries can be highly toxic. It is the principal source of atropine.
- Atropa belladonna
- A potato-like plant containing anticholinergic hallucinogenic drugs.
- mandrake
- An herb containing anticholinergic hallucinogenic drugs.
- henbane
- A species of the datura family of plants with hallucinogenic properties. In the United States, the plant is called jimsonweed.
- Datura stramonium
- A dissociative anesthetic hallucinogen that produces disorientation, agitation, aggressive behavior, analgesia, and amnesia. It has various street names, including angel dust.
- phencyclidine
- A dissociative anesthetic hallucinogen related to phencyclidine (PCP)
- ketamine
- A plant species, commonly called hemp, from which marijuana and hashish are obtained.
- Cannabis Sativa
- Any of several dozen active substances in marijuana and other cannabis products.
- Cannabinoids
- The active psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish.
- Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
- The most commonly available psychoactive drug originating from the cannabis plant. The THC concentration ranges from approximately 1 to 4 percent.
- Marijuana
- A form of marijuana obtained from unpollinated or seedless portion of the cannabis plant. It has a higher THC concentration than regular marijuana, as high as 6 percent.
- sinsemilla
- A drug containing the resin of cannabis flowers. The THC concentration ranges from approximately 8 to 14 percent.
- hashish
- A drug produced by boiling hashish, leaving a potent psychoactive residue. The THC concentration ranges from approximately 15 to 60 percent.
- hashish oil
- A solid form of hashish oil.
- hashish oil crystals
- A liquid form of marijuana popular in India.
- Bhang
- A common name for a marijuana cigarette.
- reefer
- A marijuana cigarette.
- joint
- A naturally occurring chemical in the brain that fits into THC- sensitive receptor sites, producing many of the same effects as marijuana.
- anadamide
- A state of listlessness and personality change involving a generalized apathy and indifference to long-range plans.
- amotivational syndrome
- The idea that the abuse of a specific drug will inherently lead to the abuse of other more harmful drugs.
- gateway hypothesis
- A prescription drug containing THC. Brand name is Marisol.
- Dronabinol
- A prescription drug containing a synthetic variation of THC. Brand name is Cesamet.
- Nabilone
- The policy of making the possession of small amounts of a drug subject to a small fine but not criminal prosecution.
- decriminalization
- Performance-enhancing.
- ergogenic
- Acting to promote masculinizing changes in the body.
- Androgenic
- Acting to promote protein growth and muscular development.
- anabolic
- Drugs that promote masculinizing changes in the body and increased muscular development.
- anabolic-androgenic steroids
- Drugs patterned after the testosterone molecule that promote masculine changes in the body and increased muscular development. The full name is anabolic-androgenic steroids.
- Anabolic steroids
- A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. Their anti-inflammatory action makes them useful for treating arthritis and muscular injuries.
- Adrenocortical steroids
- An enlargement of the breasts.
- gynecomastia
- A condition marked by persistent and frequently painful penile erections.
- Priapism
- The perception of ones own body as small and weak and ones musclature as inadequately developed, despite evidence to the contrary. Also known as megorexia, the condition of muscle dysmorphia is a form of body dysmorphic disorder.
- muscle dysmorphia
- A naturally occuring hormone promoting growth, particularly in the long bones of the body.
- human growth hormone (hGH)
- A condition resulting in structural abnormalities of the head, hands, and feet, as well as damage to internal organs.
- Acromegaly
- A dietary supplement, acting as a metabolic precursor to testosterone, that is available for use as an ergogenic agent.
- Androstenedione
- A dietary supplement available for ergogenic users.
- Creatine
- One of the two major drug-testing techniques for detecting banned substances or drugs.
- Enzyme immunoassay
- A drug-testing technique based on the combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
- gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
- A commercial testing kit for screening major controlled substances, based upon the enzyme immunoassay test.
- EMIT (enzyme multiplied immunoassy technique)