Respiratory System
Terms
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- An adventitious or abnormal breath sound that is continuous and musical sounding, and usually caused by airway obstruction from swelling or secretions
- Wheeze
- Intermittent outward movements of the nostrils with each inspiration; indicates an increase in the work needed to breathe.
- Nasal flaring
- an adventitious breath sound heard on auscultating the chest, produced by air passing over airway secretions
- Crackles
- a breathing pattern characterized by a period of apnea, followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations.
- Cheyne-Stokes respirations
- a very deep gasping type of respiration associated with severe diabetic acidosis and coma.
- Kussmal breathing
- partial closing of the lips to allow air to be expired slowly; used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Pursed Lip Breathing
- abnormal breath sounds heard when listening to the chest.
- adventitious breath sounds
- a condition characterized by increased anterior-posterior chest diameter caused by increased functional residual capacity due to air trapping from small airway collapse.
- Barrel Chest
- the replacement of air in the lungs with fluid or a mass.
- consolidation
- a high pitched harsh sound heard during inspiration
- stridor
- muscles other than the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that may be used for labored breathing. (sternocleidomastoid, spinal, and neck muscles)
- accessory muscles of respiration
- also known as Biot's breathing, characterized by unpredictable irregularity
- ataxic breathing
- a vibration felt while a patient is speaking and the examiner's hand is held up against the chest.
- fremitus
- visible use of the muscles b/t the ribs to aid in breathing.
- intercostal retractions
- a deformity in the normal posterior shape of the spine, producing a humpback appearance.
- kyphosis
- a serous membrane covering both lungs and the walls of the thorax and diaphragm
- pleura
- a high pitched wheeze; musical and squeaky adventitious breath sound.
- sibilant rhonchi
- a lateral curvature of the spine
- scoliosis
- a lower pitched wheeze; snoring or moaning adventitious breath sound
- sonorous rhonchi
- sternum:
- manubrium, body, xiphoid
- indicates normal aeration. loud intensity, low pitch, long duration, hollow quality.
- Resonance
- hyperinflation indicated
- hyperresonance (emphysema)
- indicates diminished air exchange
- Dullness (pneumonia, effusion, atelectasis)
- indicates air within closed cavity
- tympany
- indicates structures without air
- flatness
- friction rub is associated with
- pleurisy
- bronchitis:
- inflammation of membranes of bronchial tree, cough
- pneumonia:
- infection of terminal bronchioles and alveoli, viral vs bacterial
- TB
- infectious bacterial - mycobacterium tuberculosis
- pleural effusion:
- accumulation of serous fluid in pleural space as a result of inflammation from another problem
- cancer:
- tumor
- emphyema
- accumulation of purulent exudates in the pleural space
- bronchiectasis
- chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles. purulent sputum causing dyspnea and tachypnea
- pneumothorax
- air in pleural space
- hemothorax
- blood in pleural space
- atelactasis
- collapsid alveoli due to accumulated secretions in bronchiole
- asthma
- airway obstruction and inflammation; wheezes
- emphysema
- destruction of alveolar walls causing enlargement of airway spaces
- chronic bronchitis
- hyper secretion of mucous in trachea and bronchioles
- cystic fibrosis
- genetic disorder of exocrine glands causing abnormal thick mucous secretions
- cor pulmonale
- obstructive lung disease causes right sided heart failure