Hematology
Terms
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- What are poikilocytes?
- Poikilocytes are abnormally shaped erythrocytes
- What is purpura?
- Purpura is hemorrhages into the skin, showing red darkening to purple then a brownish yellow color.
- What are the ranges for a severely anemic cat and dog?
- The ranges for a severely anemic cat is less than 14% and for a dog less than 18%.
- Describe eosinophils.
- Eosinophils contain a nucleus similar to a neutrophil, but not as closely clumped and are granaulated in stain colors of pink.
- What is a macrocyte?
- A macrocytes are RBCs that are larger than normal with an increased MCV ( mean corpuscular value) and are usually young polychromatic erythrocytes (reticulocytes)
- What is the name of the index that pertains to the average size of the red blood cells?
- The name of the index that pertains to the average size of red blood cells is the is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
- Which tubes will give you serum?
- Serum is found in the fluid portion of the blood after coagulation in a red top tube.
- Which animal has the largest RBC?
- The canine has the largest RBC
- What instrument do we use to read the plasma protein?
- The instrument we use to read the plasma protein is the refractometer.
- What is the cause of lipemic plasma?
- Lipemic plasma is found in animals that are very fat or who have recently ingested a fatty meal.
- What is petechia?
- Petechia is a small purplish, pinpoint hemorrhage spot seen on skin or mucous membranes.
- What be a cause of an intrinsic clotting pathway?
- The causes of an intrinsic clotting pathway would be damage to the endothelium only or by contact between blood and a foreign susbstance.
- What is DIC?
- DIC is Dessimated Intravascular Coagulation which is a secondary condition associated with many diseases and conditions such as sepsis pancreatitis, heartworm, heat stroke and leads to intravascular clot formation and creating a deficiency in fibrinogen.
- Describe a basophil.
- A basophil is similar to a monocyte in that it has a very large nucleus and contains granules.
- What is the difference between plasma and serum?
- Serum is plasma with the fibrinogen removed.
- What leukocytes are granulocytes and what leukocytes are
- Granulocytes include segmented neutrophils, banded neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- What external parasite is responsible for the transmission of Ehrlichia spp.?
- The external parasite responsible for the transmission of Ehrlichia spp. is the brown dog tick.
- What are Heinz bodies and what is the common cause?
- Heinz bodies are intraerythrocytic mass of denatured hemoglobin, irregular in shape and they can be seen in cats as normal or with the presence of aspirin or acetaminophen toxicity
- What is the abbreviated method of whole blood clotting time test?
- The abbreviated method of whole blood clotting time tests is to place a drop of blood on a glass slide and to pick at the drop with a hypodermic needle and record the time when fibrin strands first appear or one may also collect blood into a glass syringe, tip the syringe back and forth until clots appear and record the time.
- What is the normal amount of plasma protein for canines?
- The normal amount of plasma protein for canines is 5,
- What tests are performed in a CBC?
- The tests performed in a CBC are plasma protein, total protein, RBC count, WBC count, estimated HB concentration , estimated RBC count, MCV, MCHC and MCH.
- Which hormone is the stimulus for RBC production?
- The stimulus for RBC production is the hormone erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys
- What instrument do we use to separate the red blood cells from the plasma or serum?
- The instrument used to separate the red blood cells from the plasma or serum is the centrifuge.
- Which animal has the smallest RBC?
- The goat has the smallest
- Describe banded and segmented neutrophils.
- Banded neutrophils have nucleus that is a curved band or and a smooth nuclear membrane, and stain pink and blue and segmented neutrophils have a nucleus that is elongated and irregular and stains pink or gray.
- What percentage of the body weight is the blood volume in the dog, cat and horse?
- The percentage of body weight that is the blood volume in dogs and cats is 7% and 10% in horses
- Which vitamins and minerals are required for erythrocyte production?
- Riboflavin (B-2), pyridoxine (B6), nicotinic acid (niacin), folic acid, thiamine, B-12 are the required vitamins and iron, copper, and cobalt are the required minerals for erythrocyte production
- How many WBCs are counted in a differential?
- Most commonly 100 cells are counted and expressed as a % in a differential.
- What is polychromasia?
- Polychromasia is when RBCs exhibit a bluish tint when stained with Wrights Stain
- What is MCV?
- MCV is the mean corpuscular value and refers to the mean volume of group of RBC in femtometer.
- Which species has elliptical RBCs?
- The family Camelidae (camel, alpaca, llama) is distinctive in having elliptical shaped RBCs
- What is MCH?
- MCH is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and represents the mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average RBC.
- What are the normal leukocyte counts for dogs and cats?
- The normal leukocyte counts for dogs is 6500 to 16,500 wbcs/ul and for cats is 4900 to 20,000.
- What do we treat rodenticide with?
- Rodenticide toxicity is treated with vitamin K supplements.
- What leukocytes are agranular?
- Lymphocytes and monocytes are both agranular. agranular?
- Which species has nucleated RBCs?
- Avian and reptilian species are nucleated
- What is the cause of hemolytic plasma?
- The cause of hemolytic plasma is hemoglobinemia due to intravascular hemolysis of RBC's, the plasma is red due to the presence of free hemoglobin, may also be caused by improper blood collection.
- What organ is responsible for production of most of the clotting factors?
- The organ that produces most of the clotting factors is the liver.
- Which blood parasites are Rickettsiae and which are not?
- The blood parasites that are Rickettsiae are hemobartonella, anaplasma, ehrlichia and eperythyrozoon.
- What is the average length of life of an erythrocyte?
- The average length of life of an erythrocyte is estimated to be about 120 days
- What are the formed elements of blood?
- The formed elements of blood are erythrocytes (RBC's), leukocytes (WBC's) and blood platelets or thrombocytes
- What is thrombocytopenia?
- Thrombocytopenia is a decreased number of platelets, can be caused by a clotting disorder, warfarin toxicity, immune mediated thrombocytopenia.
- What are the parasites of erythrocytes?
- The parasites of erythrocytes are hemobartonella felis, eperythrozoon soo., anaplasma marginale and babesia.
- What are the parasites of leukocytes?
- The parasites of leukocytes are Ehrlichia spp.
- What are the 13 clotting factors?
- The 13 clotting factors are fibrinogen, prothrombin, proconvertin, Christmas factor, stuart prower factor, thromboplastin, antecedent, hageman factor, fibrin stabilizing factor which are all produced in the liver and tissue factor, calcium factor, proaccelerin, antihemophilic factor and factor A.
- What are the normal PCV ranges for cats and dogs?
- The normal PCV ranges for a dog is at least 39% and for a cat at least 25%.
- Describe a monocyte.
- Monocytes are very large and have a kidney shaped nucleus that stains blue/black and can be said to have a ground glass appearance.
- What color is hemolytic plasma?
- Hemolytic plasma is pink to red in color.
- What is hypochromasia?
- Hypochromasia is decreased staining intensity caused by insufficient hemoglobin within the cell
- Which species RBCs are anuclear?
- Mammalian RBCs are anuclear
- What are the common venipuncture sites on a rabbit, cow and horse?
- The common venipuncture site on a rabbit is the ear, cephalic and intracardiac, for a cow use the coccygeal and jugular, and for a horse the jugular.
- What percentage of plasma is water, what percentage is solids?
- The percentage of water in plasma is 92% and the percentage of solids in plasma is 8%.
- What are the affects that rodenticide has on a patient?
- Rodenticide can cause a vitamin K deficiency which interfere with clotting.
- Describe a lymphocyte.
- A lymphocyte has cytoplasm that is light blue when stained and is quite scanty with a large purple staining nucleus.
- What is ecchymosis?
- Ecchymosis is a skin discoloration consisting of a large irregular formed area of hemorrhage where the skin is blue/black changing to greenish purple.
- What are the ranges for a moderately anemic cat and dog?
- The ranges for a moderately anemic cat is 15% to 19% and for a dog is 18% to 29%.
- Where is albumin produced?
- Albumin is produced in the liver.
- What is the primary function of an RBC?
- The primary function of an RBC is gas transport, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide
- What parasite causes FIA?
- Rickettsiae such as hemobartonella felis can cause feline infectious anemia in cats.
- What color is icteric plasma?
- Icteric plasma is dark yellow in color.
- What form are the counts of each type of WBC reported in with a differential?
- Cells per CU mm is what form WBC counts are expressed.
- What are the ranges for a mildly anemic cat and dog?
- The ranges for a mildly anemic cat is 20% to 24% and for a dog is 30% to 36%.
- What tube are you most likely to use for coagulation test?
- The tube used for a coagulation tests is the ACT tube.
- What is BMBT and how is it performed?
- BMBT is buccal mucosa bleeding time and evaluates the animals ability to form a platelet plug but does not provide info on the later steps in the coagulation process.
- What will happen if you allow a blood smear to dry too slowly?
- If you allow a blood smear to dry too slowly the red blood cells can become crenated as the water goes out of the rbc into the plasma.
- What is a bruise?
- A bruise is an injury with diffusion of blood into subcutaneous tissue (ie. a hematoma) and in which discolored skin appears but is not broken.
- What color is lipemic plasma?
- Lipemic plasma is milky white in color.
- What is Von Willebrand's disease and what breeds are prone to it?
- Von Willebrands disease is a common bleeding disorder that results in abnormally functioning platelets and clotting factor VIII in a variety of breeds such as Dobermans, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers.
- What would be a cause of an extrinsic pathway?
- The cause of an extrinsic clotting pathway would be triggered by blood contact with extravascular tissues.
- How do you get a total WBC count after counting the cells on a hemocytometer?
- To calculate the total WBC count after using a hemocytometer you add the total number of cells found in squares 1-9 and multiply them by 110.
- Which tubes will give you plasma?
- Purple top tubes will give you plasma after being spun in the centrifuge.
- What instrument do we use to count the white blood cells?
- The instrument we use to count white blood cells is the hemocytometer.
- Which tube would we put blood in for a CBC?
- The tube used for a CBC is the small or large lavender top tubes.
- What is the primary function of the WBC?
- Lymphocytes are involved in the production of antibodies, special proteins that inactivate antigens, and some are also directly involved in the inactivation of antigens
- What is the cause of icteric plasma?
- The cause for icteric plasma is hemolytic anemia in certain forms of liver disease and bile duct obstruction.
- What is thrombosis and what is a common site to see one in a cat?
- Throbosis is when clots form abnormally in vessels, occluding them, resulting in a loss of blood supply to the affected body part and is caused by blood parasites, cardiomyopathy, hypercoagulation or an indwelling catheter and common sites on a cat is the saddle thrombus.
- What stain is best to see reticulocytes?
- Wright's Stain is the best to use to see reticulocytes
- What is the formula to figure out the absolute on a leukocyte count?
- The formula used to figure out the absolute on a leukocyte count is to multiply the total leukocyte count by the percentage to equal absolute number, ex: total WBC count X % = to absolute #.