Euro Ch. 14
Terms
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- geoffrey chauncers the canterbury tales
- satire of clergy
- problems that affected Reformation beginning
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1. church based in avignon, not rome
2/ great schism
3. poorly education clergy
4. simony-selling o church offices
5. clerical pluralism/absenteeism - john wycliffes views
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-questioned the worldy wealth of the church, transubstantiation, the teachings of penance, and the selling of indulgencesw
-urged his followers to read the bible and interpret it themselves - lollards
- wycliffes followres
- johan tetzel
- dominican friar that was sent to preach indulgense throughout germany
- albert of hohenzollern
- needed to raise money because he was offfered another archbishop job so he sold indulgences and gave some money to rome to build church st. peters basilica
- major points of 95 these
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-german money going to rome-indulgences
-pope control over purgatory wasn't right-pope should only take away penalties he gave - address to the christian nobility
- luther urged secular government had the right to reform the church
- liberty of a christian man
- luther hit on basic elements of luterhan belief: one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the only source of faith
- example of luterhan patron
- frederick the elector of saxony
- why was luther not burned or anything when he burned the papal bull (an official decree given to him that demandded he recant hjis ideas or be burnt) ??
- bc he had some important patrons who were sympathetic to his ideas, like frederick the elector of saxony
- diet of worms
- luther was called here by Charles V the holy roman emperor, who said he needed to recant what he said in his books and stuff and luther was like nahh i dont i believe everything i said and i dont accept authority of the popes and councils
- what was the result for luther of the diet of worms
- he was placed under ban of the empire ut stayed with the elector of saxony
- what are the 7 sacraments of the catholic church
- 1. marriage 2. ordination 3. extreme unction 4. conformation 5. penance 6. communion 8. baptism
- which 2 sacraments did luther keep?
- baptism and communion
- some of luthers other beliefs
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rejected the idea of trasubstantiation, the transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of of christ, an act that could only be performed by a priest-claimed jesus was already present
-did away with the practice of monasticism and the insistance of the celibacy of the clergy - where were some places protestantism spread to?
- northern germany, scandanavia, england, scotland, and parts of the neverlands, france, and switzerland
- why did some german princes support luthers ideas
- he didnt care about social order and so they knew it wouldnt hurt them
- why did luthers ideas spread so much?
- pope leo x didnt really care at first when the 95 theses were posted, he thought it was just between tetzel and luther, so the church didnt try ot stop it early on
- German Peasant's Revolt
- peasants revolted as a result of german peasants' worsening economic conditions and their belief that luther's call for a "priesthood of all believers" was a message of social equality
- how did luther respond to the pesant revolt
- he wrote a tract called "against the robbing and murderous hordes of peasnts" in which he urged that no mercy be shown to the revolutionaries: luther meant freedom from the authority of the roman church, he didnt mean to oppose the legally established secular gov't
- invention that helped spread luthers ideas
- the printing press
- what did luther encourage german princes to do with church land
- take it
- why was charlves V unable to deal with the revolt in germany for a while
- he was involved wars in france and with the ottoman empire
- habsburg-valois wars
- charles V went to war against france to fight for land-france wanted germany apart, especially bc of religious differences tghrough the region
- peace of augsberg
- charlvbes V agreed to sign it, which granted legal recognition of luteheranism in those territories ruled by a lutheran leader, while a cataholic ruler ensured that the terriroty remmained catholic-each prince determined his own religion for the region and everyone in the rregion had to follow it
- radical reformation
- a variety of religious sects that developed during the 17th century, inspired in part by luthers challenge to the established church
- anabaptists
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denied the idea of infant baptism
believed that baptism only works when it is practiced by adults who are fully aware of the recision they are making - what happened to the idea of anapabtism
- rebaptism, the practice of baptizing adults, was declared a capital offense throughout the roman empire, which the pope and luther both agreed on
- antitrinitarians
- group who denied the scriptural validity of the trinity
- ulrich zwinglis teachings
- were similar to luthers
- which of swinglis teachings were different from luthers
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1 . denied ALL sacraments
2. bread and wine were a memorial of christs death, not presense
3. called for social reform
4. was a swiss patriot - institues of teh christian religion
- where calvins main ideas are published
- calvnis main ideas
- -predestined fate
- where did calvinism become the esblsihed church
- scotland
- henry vIII
- supportative of the catholic church
- "the kings great matter"
- henry VIII tried to end his marriage to his spanish wife, catherine of aragon bc he wanted to marry anne boleyn and catherina didnt give him any sons. the pope wouldnt let him divorce catherina of aragon so he cut off ties from the church and england
- act in restraint of appeals
- declared that all spiritual cases within the kingdom were within the kings jrusdiction and authority and not the popes
- act of supremacy
- acknoloweded the king of england as the supreme head of the church of england
- what did henry do to the monasteries in england
- under the influence of his chief minster, thomas cromwelll, he dissolved all the english monasteries bc he wanted their wealth
- edward VI
- henry's son who was king after henry-protestant ideas were present
- thomas cramner
- booook of common prayer-used in services in the church of england
- mary tudor
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ruler after edward
-moved back to catholicism-fully restored roman catholicism, but many still held to their protestant beliefs
-killed seeral hunfred protestants "bloody mary" - elizabeth
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marys sister
-was queen after mary
-started religious stability
-some people wanted the church to be catrholic, some wanted all catholic parts of the church eliminated=puritans
she did not care what people blieved as long as they kept quiet about it - index of prohibited books
- created druing teh counter reformation-included works by writers such as erasmus and galileo
- council of trent
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-centerpiece of the catholic reformation
-was dominated by the pacy and in turn enhanced its power
-took steps to address frome of the issues that had sparked the Reformation, - council of trents accomplishments
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-placed limits on the selling of church offices
-recognizing that the poorly educated clergy were a major problem, the council mandated that a seminary for the education of clergy should be established
-would not acknowledge protestant theology
-apporoved their traditional teachings (sacraments, the role of priests, and the belief that salvation comes with faith as well as works, and the source for this faith is the bibile and the tradiitons)
-began religious art--lead to baroque - ignatius loyola
- organied the society of jesus (jesuits)
- people during the middle ages
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everybody was catholic
-people believed in pergatory-clense of sins-not in bible, bought indulgences, confessions - why was the 16th century church in trouble?
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-all priests and monks were suppose to be celebit but cheated
-plurism/absenteeism-benefices
-great schism (3 popes)
-babylonian captivity-wycliff and hus-church can't contradict bible
-northern renaissance humanism - why did luther's ideas spread more than wycliffs
- printing press
- year of the 95 theses
- 1517
- what did luther say about heaven/pergatory
- said you can get to heaven by faith in jesus alone-says theres no pergatory bc its not in the bible
- why was luther left alone at the beginning
- charles V is too busy fighting with ottoman empire
- why did so many german princes support luther?
- saw it as an opportunity to not be controlled by charles V but mostly watned freedom from charlves V-can get church land by not being catholic anymore-give land awayto those who support him
- was luther a radical or a conservative?
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both
conservative: 1. follows bibile 2. peasant revolt
radical=changes - schmalkaldic league
- group of princes to fight against charles V(protestants)-french sided with them
- schmalkaldic league vs. charles v
- PRINCES WIN BC CHARLES v IS TOO BUSY FIGHTING THE ottoman empire
- 2 choices of religion (peace of augsburg)
- lutheran or catholic
- calvins city
- geneva, switzerland
- did the catholics and luterhans like the anabaptists??
- no
- what did swigli belief about the bread and wine
- jesus was symbolic in it
- council of trent class notes
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affirmed catholicism-reconverted protestants
-successful at bringing protesants back and stopping new countries from converting to protestant - parts of europe that were protestant and catholic after council of trent
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north-protestant
south-catholic - 3 class things protestantism
- no saints, no pergatory, you can marry
- why did the peasants revolt basically
- lords raising taxes
- when did the index of prohibited books coem out
- during the time of the council of rent
- 3 catholic countries
- austria, spain, france
- name of charles V's empire
- Habsberg empire-austria, spain, parts of belgium
- what does calvin believe about the bread and wine?
- jesus is therein spirit
- puritans
- english protestants who didnt want elizabeths protestant church to contain any catholicism
- what did the council of trent keep
- everything tehy believed in
- who gives hhenry the idea to break from the church
- thomas cromwell
- what does calvin believe about church and state
- separation
- what was the jesuits goal?
- to stop the spread of protestantism by teaching people about catholicsm. they believed in listening to whatever the pope said
- what did the council of trent believe in
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-mass
-transubstantiation
-purgatory
-saints
-traditional things - some criteria for being in the index of restricted book or w/e its called
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books of heresiarch or leaders of heretics, unless they were examined by catholic theologians and permitted
-the old testament tranlated into other lagnuages unless its permitted by a learned man
-translated doctrines as long as they say nothing against the doctrine