Immunology Exam 1 2

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Molds: multinucleate
grow as hyphae
yeasts: unicellular ovoid cells- divide through budding
protozoa: singe celled animals
injection by bites- Trypanosomes, Leishmania, plasmodium
ingestion of infective staged- Gardia, Entamoeba
Helminths: -tapeworm (Cestoda)
-flukes (Trematoda)
-roundworms (Nematoda)
hi(N:C) cells: all B cells
90% T helper cells
50% Tc cells
Gaul body: lipid drop with primary lysosomes- found in T cells wtih hi(N:C)
lo(N:C) LGL morphology: 10% Th cells
50% Tc cells
all NK cells
more lysosomes in T cells
CD: cluster designation
clusters of antibodies that recognize a particular cell marker
TCR-2: alpha and beta polypeptides
always assoc. with CD3
positive transmembrane
TCR-1: gamma and delta
always assoc. with CD3
CD3: five polypeptides always associated with 2 TCR
negative transmembrane
B cells in peripheral blood express IgM and IgD: IgM is associated with other molecules on B cells surgace to form the B cell antigen receptor complex
main markers to identify human B cells: CD19, CD20, CD22
NKRP1: on NK cell
attaches to glycoproteins and sends + signal to kill cell- counteracted by Ly49
Ly49: on NK cell
attaches to MHC1 and sends - signal so cell is not killed
activated B cell expressed new markers-: MHC2, IL-2 receptors, IL-3-6 receptors
Mononuclear phagocytes are two types-: 1- professional phagocytic
2- APC- have Fc receptors and MHC2
monocyte characteristics: horse shoe shaped nucleus with azurphilic granules
large
contain peroxidase and acid hydrolases for intracellular killing
follicular dendritic cell: in B cell areas of lymph and spleen
present antigen to B cells, lack MHC2 but have lots of comp. rec. and Fc rec.
interdigitating cells in medulla of thymus: delete self recognizing T cells
neutrophil: 90% of granulocytes
three lobes
primary granules- lysosomes
secondary granules- lysozyme
Kamakazi cells
comp. rec, not specific
eosiniphil: bi-lobed
allergies- usually degranulate
parasitic worms
basophil: allergen stimulates degran.
allergen must cross like with IgE
histamine
Fc rec. for IgE
platelets: increase permeability of BV around injury
Hassal's corpuscles: in thymic medulla, contain degenerating epithelial cells
white pulp of spleen: surrounds central arteriole- PALS
T cells around arteriole
B cells further out in 1ary and 2ary follicles
germinal centers: in secondary follicles of B cells in spleen and lymph nodes
contain follicular dendritic cells and phagocytic cells
marginal zone: surrounding secondary follicles of B cells of lymph nodes and spleen
contain B cells and macrophages
red pulp of spleen: sinuses containing macrophages, erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and plasma cells
where old RBCs are destroyed
Lymph node: Cortex- B cells
Paracortex- T cells
Medulla- T cells, B cells, plasma cells and macrophages
HEV in lymph nodes: mostly in paracortex but some in cortex
classes of Ig determined by..: heavy chain type
isotypes: differences in CONSTANT region
allotypes: differences in protein expression in one individual in a population
same isotype
idiotypes: differences in VARIABLE region
produces antigen specificity
A B cell can have more than one _____ but only one _______.: isotype, idiotype

specific to ONE antigen
IgG: all memory cells
four chain molecule
confers immunity to newborn
IgM: pentamer connected by J chain and 18AA residue
first antibody released in immune response
IgD: large amount on B cell membrane
unknown function
IgE: scarce in serum
basophils and mast cells
allergies
short lived abs, but long lived when attached to mast cell
CDR- complement determining region: variable region on light chain of Abs
interspered by Fr- framework
gene segments for variable chain: variabe, joining, diversity
papain: cleaves into two Fab segments and one Fc region
cleaves in hinge region
pepsin: cleaves after hinge-
one Fab2 and one pFc
CDR's -numbers: 30, 50, 95

in abs, 3 CDR's and 4 Fr's
ITAM: portion of CD3 with tyrosine that is phosphoryated upon peptide bonding of TCR
causes IL2 and IL2 rec. to be expressed
MHC gene location: Chr. 6 humans HLA complex
Chr. 17 mice H2 complex
Class III MHC genes: encode soluble serum proteins, components of complement, TNF
haplotype: set of alleles for MHC- one from mom and one from dad
MHC 1: always with B2 microglobulin
binds short aa sequences
blocked cleft- anchor residue
low expression in liver, neural and muscle cells
high expression in lymphs
MHC 2: Beta and Alpha chains- 2
up to 12 on cell
H bonding throughout binding site
ABC family of transporters: In cell with MHC1, transport peptide to RER from cytoplasm
antibody affinity: strength of single bond between antigen and antibody
antibody avidity: all the Fab regions so more than one epitope and paratope interaction
first interaction after antigen challenge: APC and T cell
Interdigitating dendritic cells: in T cell dependent areas of lymph nodes and spleen
the most effective cells for inital activation of resting CD4 T cells
have CD80 and CD82 to stim. CD28 on T cell
highest levels of MHC2
enzyme p56lck: on TCR- phosphorylates tyr. on ITAM of CD3
co stimulatory interactions "second signal": ICAM-1 with LFA-1
CD80/CD82 with CD28- most potent signal to divide
LFA-3 with CD2 activates T cells
IL-1 and IL-6 by APCs: activate T cell- induce expression for IL-2 rec. on T cell
macrophage activating factors from T cells: IFN gamma, GM-CSF, TNF alpha
induce expression of MHC2, Fc rec., adhesion molecules (CD80, CD82), IL6, IL1
TNF alpha from macrophage: can kill cell directly
causes leukocytes to adhere to bv wall and diapediesis
TNF alpha and IL-2: stimulate NK cells
CD40 on B cell binds to CD40L of T cell...: most potent activator of B cell
T cell release cytokines- affect on B cell: IL-2- proliferation
IL-4- early on B cell activation and proliferation
IL-5- in mouse, activator
IL-6- DIFFERNTIATION
TNF alpha and beta- B cell growth
primary antigenic challenge: lag, log, plateau, decline
mostly IgM
secondary antigenic challenge: shorter lag
extended plateau and decline
much higher plateau
mostly IgG
memory Th cells
IL-4: acts on B cells to induce activation and differentiation
causes TH cell differentiation
sedondary challenge higher affinity due to...: somatic hypermutation
selective expansion of high affinity clones only
How do memory B cells differe from unprimed B cells?: They make IgG earlier and have higher affinity for antigen
T ind antigens: Activate B cells without T cell help
similar weak primary and secondary response
many are products of bacteria
mitogens (lectins): can activate lymphocytes in a non-antigen speciic manner
bind to CD2 on T cell
ex. PHA ConA
superantigens: activate T cells non-specifically- bind on variable B chain of TCR. Puts T cell in state of tolerance.
cytokines: regulate cell growth, cell activation, inflamm, immunity, tissue repair, morphogenesis.
chemokines if chemotactic
inteferons: anti-viral CKs.
IFN alpha and beta- response to viruses
IFN gamma- response to immune stimuli, produced by NK and T cells.
-induce MHC2 molecules, and IL-1 and IL-6
Inerleukins: made by endothelial cells and fibroblasts
IL-1: made mostly by macrophages
stimulates T and B cells
fever
almost all cells have it
IL-2: made by T cells and NKs
most powerful growth factor and activator
acts on B cells and NK's to induce growth and differentiation
IL-3: stimulates stem cell growth, always with growth factor
IL-6: produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, fibroblasts, endothellial cells
acts on B cells to differentiation into AFCs
humoral branch: EXTRAcellular
cell mediated branch: INTRAcellular
depend on cytokines
bacterial endotoxin: activates complement components
TH select and activate effector mechanisms: help B cells make antibody
activate or suppress effector cells- Tc, NK, macrophages, granulocytes, K cells
if organism triggers release of IL-12 and IFN gamma from macrophage, then....: TH1 subset will develop and secrete IL-2 and IFN gamma which activate macrophages
if organism triggers release of IL-4 and IL-10 from macrophage then...: TH2 subset will develop and secrete IL-4-6, IL-10 to increase Abs production, increase mast cells and eosinophils
IFN gamma from TH1 cells inhibits...: proliferation of TH2 cells
IL-10 of TH2 cells inhibits...: cytokine release by TH1 cells
effector cells of cell mediated cytotoxicity are...: Tc cells
NK cells
K cells
most important role of Tc cell is to...: eliminate virus infected cells
NK cells provide....: the first line of defense against virus infection
NK cells peak at 3 days
Tc cells peak at 7 days
Virus infected cells release IFN alpha and beta which activate...: NK cells
K cell: any cytotoxic cell with Fc receptor on surface- must link to pathogen through abs made by B cell
killing mech of T cells, K cells, NK cells: bind target cell
degranulate releasing perforin
polyperforin channels on target cell
degredative enzymes enter
ADCC: Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxity
endotoxin (myeloid derived) killing mechanism: LPS activate macrophage to release TNF alpha- this with IFN gamma from T cells and NK cells produces NO and kills
myeloid cells killing mech.: release reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, hydrolytic enzymes
cytotoxicity: virus infected essential cells are killed
ie. nerve cells
chronic inflammation: against autoantigens resulting in inflamm.
ie. Rheumatoid, multiple sclerosis
Space occupying lesions: T cells continue to accumulate and release lymphokines, recruiting macrophages--granuloma results--giant cell with lytic enzymes.
CD4 Th1 producing IL-2, IFNgamma and TNF alpha
Excessive cytokine release: toxic shock syndrome

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