Pharmacology/Chp1&2
Terms
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- agonists
- Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response.
- side effects
- the unintended response produced by drugs when they affect more than one body system simultaneously. also known as adverse effects
- antagonistic effect
- A drug interaction in which one drug interferes with the action of another.
- hives
- Raised, irregulary shaped patches on the skin that itch severely.
- biotransformation
- The process by which the body inactivates drugs. Also called metabolism.
- chemical name
- the chemical constitution of a drug. the exact placing of its atoms or molecular groupings, this terminology is significant to a chemist
- martindale
- comprehensive text for information on drugs in current use throughout the world; published by the royal pharmaceutical society of great britain
- toxicity
- a severe adverse effect
- antagonists
- Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response; used to block the receptor from attaching to another substance.
- allergic reactions
- Reaction to a drug in which a patient has developed anitbodies to previous exposure of the drug, and upon re-exposure, the antibodies cause a reaction such as hives.
- interference
- The drug interaction that occurs when the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug.
- unbound drug
- medicines not bonded to proteins. usually dissolved in blood and does not require a protein carrier
- additive effect
- A drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken, thus doubling the effect.
- drug interaction
- When the action of one drug is altered by the action of another.
- drug blood level
- An assay to determine the amount of drug present in a blood sample.
- placebo effect
- Latin, "I will please." A phenomenon that occurs when a patients positive expectations about treatment positively affect the outcome of therapy
- half-life
- The amount of time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body.
- health orphans
- rare diseases that pharmaceutical manufacturers were reluctant to develop products for because they were unable to recover the costs of the research involved
- parenteral
- Subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous method of administration; treatment by injection.
- drug accumulation
- The effect that occurs when the previously administered drug dose has not yet been metabolized or excreted when the next dose is administered.
- enteral
- Administering a drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes.
- teratogen
- agent that produces birth defects
- absorption
- When a drug moves from its site of administration into the blood.
- distribution
- The ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action (receptors), metabolism, and excretion.
- metabolism
- Tissue change; the sum of all physical and chemical process by which a living creature is produced and maintained; the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism.
- partial agonists
- Drugs that attach and elicit a small response but also block other responses.
- percutaneous
- A method of drug administration that includes inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), or topical (on the skin) administration.
- ADME
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
- drug dependence
- A person's inability to control the ingestion of drugs. Also known as addiction or habituation.
- official name
- the name under which a drug is listed by the USFDA
- carcinogenicity
- The ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous.
- idosyncrasy
- peculiar or unusual response to a substance, an exaggerated reaction to a drug
- desired action
- The expected response that occurs when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed.
- synergistic effect
- the combined effect of 2 drugs is greater then the sum of the effect of each drug given alone
- displacement
- The displacement from protein-binding sites of the first drug by a second drug, increasing the activity of the first drug.
- parameters
- The therapeutic actions, side effects to expect, adverse effects to report, and probable drug reactions of a drug that should be monitored.
- urticaria
- hives
- schedules
- classifications of controlled substances. used in US and Canada
- adverse effects
- The undesirable responses produced by a drug (other than its intended effect) when it affects more than one body system. Also known as side effects.
- nocebo effect
- Latin, "I will harm." The effect that occurs when the patient's negative expectations about therapy result in less than optimal outcomes.
- excretion
- Elimination of drug metabolites and, in many cases, the active drug
- pharmacodynamics
- The study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response.
- incompatibility
- A drug interaction that occurs when the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, causing deterioration when both drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution.
- placebo
- An inactive substance prescribed as if it were an effective dose of a needed medication.
- brand name
- drug name followed by the symbol (r in a circle) indicating that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug who is usually the manufacturer
- tolerance
- a person's need for higher drug dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided
- generic name
- before a drug becomes official, it is given a generic name or common name that may be used in any country and by any manufacturer
- idiosyncratic reaction
- An adverse drug reaction resulting from genetic polymorphism.