Chapters 6-9 AP Psychology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- process through which sensation is interpreted
- Perception
- describes relationship between physical characteristics of environmental stimuli and psychological experience produced.
- Psychophysics
- Minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time
- Absolute threshold
- Supraliminal Stimuli
- falls above the threshold
- Person's ability of discriminate between a stimulus and its background
- Sensitivity
- factor that affects a person's performance when paired with a faint stimulus
- Response Criterion
- Minimal detectable difference
- Just noticeable difference
- The change needed in a stimulus has to be proportional to the original strength of the stimulus
- Weber's Law
- Mathematical Equation relating stimulus intensity
- Fechner's Law
- What part of the image is the picture and what part is the ground
- figure-round processing
- we perceive images as groups not isolated elements. as a whole
- Gestalt perceptual law
- Perception of difference
- depth perception
- the closer the objects to one another, the more likely they are to be perceived as together
- proximity
- closer objects block views of those further away
- interposition
- difference in apparent rate of movement
- motion parallax
- objects near point of convergence seem further away
- linear perspective
- illusion where lights flashed in a rapid succesion are seen as one moving
- stroboscopic effect
- perception of objects is constant in size shape colors despite retinal changes
- perceptual constancy
- basic units of knowledge, generalizations
- schema
- misinterpreting perceptions
- optical illusion
- difference between retinal images
- binocular disparity
- depth cue involving rotation of the eye to project image on retina
- convergence
- rapid expansion of the size of the image
- looming
- dust in the air that makes objects in distance less clear
- texture gradient
- tendency to fill in the blanks
- closure
- to acquire knowledge, experience, and skill
- learning
- learning not to respond to certain things
- habituation
- biologically prepared
- biopreparedness
- irrational fear
- phobia
- conditioned stimulus acts like unconditioned stimulus
- second order conditioning
- process of putting information into a form that the memory system can use
- encoding
- increase in errors when trying to retireve things
- forgetting
- recall of a memory: specific event that happened when he/she was present
- episodic memory
- memory containing general knowledge of the world that does not involve specific event
- semantic memory
- primitive and brief memory that lasts long enough to connect one impression to the next
- sensory memory
- to retrieve info from memory bank
- recall
- characteristic of recall where the recall for the first two or three items is good
- primary effect
- recalls for the last few items is good
- recency effect
- forgetting: new info interferes with ability to recall old info
- retroactive interference
- old info interferes with learning new info
- proactive interference
- loss of memory events after injury
- anterograde amnesia
- loss of memory events before injury
- retrograde amnesia
- strategy to remember info by making an organized
- mnemonic device
- mental manipulations affecting world we live in
- circle of thought
- change in voltage when brain reacts to something
- evoked brain potential
- mental image in head for a familiar place
- cognitive map
- schemas about familiar sequence of events or activities
- script
- smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as an assertion
- proposition
- story
- narrative
- logic to reach conclusion
- formal reasoning
- logical argument containing two or more premises and a conclusion
- syllogism
- evaluating based on credibility
- informal reasoning
- mental short cut
- heuristic
- symbols and rules combined to communicate with others
- language
- set of rules
- grammar
- smallest unit of language, speech sounds
- phoneme
- smallest unit of language that have meaning (smaller than word)
- morpheme
- composed to two or more morphemes
- word
- set of rules that govern formation of phrases
- syntax
- rules covering meaning of words
- semantics
- order in which words are arranged
- surface structure
- underlying meaning, expressed in sentence
- deep structure
- two word utterance
- telegraphic speech
- photographic graph of spectrum
- spectrograph
- practices and uses that govern conversation
- social convention
- allows children to gather ideas about rules of language
- language acquisition device
- indivduals that master two languages
- balanced bilinguals
- awareness of internal and external stimuli
- consciousness
- sleep stage where there is slow deep breathing regular heart rate reduced blood pressure
- quiet sleep
- EEG resembles someone who is awake
- active sleep
- switches from active to quiet sleep
- narcolepsy
- when person acts out drem; does not show reduced muscle tone
- REM behavior disorder
- cycle that repeats once a day
- circadian rhythm
- defines hypnosis as a condition where people relax
- dissociation