Reformation and Religious Wars

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helped develop multiple printing with movable metal type; Gutenberg's Bible 1445 or 46: first true book in the West produced from movable type: Johannes Gutenberg (1400-68)
humans have the ability to reason and improve themselves, focused on education of Christian antiquity to instill a true inner piety or an inward religious feeling that would bring about the reform of the church and society, humanists supported schools, b: Christian Humanism
most influential of all Christian humanists, formulated/popularized reform program of Christian humanism, "Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and medieval church see: Desideratum Erasmus (1466-1536)
German monk and writer, author of the Imitation of Christ, original name = Thomas Hemerken, born Prussia, educated in Netherlands, entered the Augustinian monastery of Mount Saint Agnes in Netherlands, ordained priest, copied manuscripts and counseled, T: Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471)
a devotional treatise that became immensely influential, written by Thomas à Kempis: Imitation of Christ
the remission before God of the temporal punishment due for sins already forgiven as far as their guilt is concerned." The first thing to note is that forgiveness of a sin is separate from punishment for the sin. Through sacramental confession we ob: Indulgences
a deliberate intention of buying or selling for a temporal price such things as are spiritual of annexed unto spirituals: Simony
high church-officials taking more than one church office so they could gin some of the much-needed wealth of the land: Pluralism
the hiring of only family members to church offices: Nepotism
a patron of Renaissance culture and the Catholic leader who laughed in the Protestant peopleÂ’s faces when they asserted their demands. He excommunicated Martin Luther for his extremely radical new ideas about religion and God: Pope Leo X
Salvation is formed by salvation alone, scriptures alone, and grace alone: Sola: Scriptura, Fide, Gratia
Convened by young Charles V, Martin Luther was expected to recant his "heretical doctrines," but Luther refused and made an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire: Diet of Worms (1521)
one of the ideas of the supreme sovereignty of God; God has already decided who will go to heaven (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate): Predestination
the Lord's Supper (bread and wine) literally becomes the body and blood of Christ by a miracle performed by the priest: Transubstantiation
German monk upset by Catholic Church practices and doctrines; wrote "The 95 Theses" and other treatises criticizing the Church; he was excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1521, and began setting up his reformed church in: Martin Luther (1483-1546)
A book written by John Calvin on the Protestant thoughts; this helped him become one of the prominent leaders of the Protestant Reformation: Institution of Christian Religion (1536)
written by Martin Luther calling for the German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and form a new church: Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
(Appeal to Christian Nobility of the German Nation)
Peasants weren't able to enjoy the economic improvement, but instead local lords continued to abuse them by imposing more taxes and other services. Thomas Muntzer also encouraged others to "strike while the iron is hot!" During the revolt, howe: German Peasants Revolt
During the Council of Trent, the seven sacraments (the original Catholic beliefs of: baptism, reconciliation/penance/confession, holy Eucharist, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, and extreme unction) was reinforced: Seven sacraments
an unruly Dominican who hawked the indulgences of the Catholic priests in Germany with the famous slogan, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs." Caused Luther to write his 95 Theses against indulgences.: Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
began the Reformation in Switzerland when he was ordained a priest in and sent to Zurich in 1518. Influenced evangelical reforms that were made in Zurich by city council; started the Zwinglian form of Protestantism, abolished relics, images, paintings an: Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
1529 debate between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Luther believed that Jesus' body and blood were present in a sense along with the bread and wine (consubstantiation); Zwingli believed that the body and blood o: Marburg Colloquy
son of a lawyer, deeply devout Christian humanist and lord Chancellor of King Henry VIII of England; challenged the new Act of Supremacy which stated that the King now has power and authority over the Pope in Rome and over the state; resigned as lo: Thomas More (1478-1535)
English King who divorced his wife, Catherine of Aragon because she wouldnÂ’t produce a male heir. He then married CatherineÂ’s lady in waiting, Anne Boleyn and she gets pregnant with a girl, Elizabeth. He finally gets a male heir at one point and behead: Henry VIII (1509-1547)
He becomes the Kings principal secretary after Wolsey. He ends up being one of the KingÂ’s financial rescues.: Thomas Cromwell: (1485-1540)
It was the complete breaking of the Church of England from Rome. It stated that the English monarchs had control of the Church.: Act of Supremacy (1534):
The Anglican Church is many just the Church of England. It was Roman Catholic and during the reformation, they tried to blot out the starting of the Lutherans, Presbyterians, and the Calvinists. Example: Council of Trent where they discussed the problems: Anglican Church
in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin diverged from Catholic doctrine in the rejection of papal authority and in acceptance of justification by faith alone, but many of his other positions, including the fundamental doctrine of predestinati: John Calvin (1509-64)-
John CalvinÂ’s established ministry in Genoa. The consistory, a special body for enforcing moral discipline, was set up as a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. Punishments ranged from Â“fraternal correctionsÂ” to the usage: Genevan Consistory
became well-known for his ability in dissection and had unusual success as a physician; he discovered that some of the blood circulates through the lungs. When (1553) he had a work setting forth his ideas of Christianity secretly printed, investigation w: Michael Servetus
CalvinÂ’s new church constitution that created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of the church. Genoa accepted it in 1541.: Ecclesiastical Ordinances
very radical religious reform group believed that everybody was their own priest, practiced adult baptism, and believed in complete separation of church and state: Anabaptists
Holy Roman Emperor, believed in the church and state being united, took over control of the church in his country, basically made the Pope a religious figure with no authority: Charles V
Family of German financiers who exerted great economic and political influence in the 15th and 16th centuries. Founded by Johannes (1348-1409), the family business was greatly expanded by his son Jakob (died 1469).: Fuggers
Religious reformer and Anabaptist, he studied theology, and in 1520 began to preach at Zwickau. His socialism and mystical doctrines soon brought him into collision with the authorities. After preaching widely, in 1525 he was elected pastor of the Anabap: Muntzer
The French Valois king who was a political rival of Charles V. They fought over the disputed territories of the Habsburg Empire, which consisted of Italy, Northern Spain, the Rhineland, the Netherlands, and Northern France. This led to the: Francis I (1515-1556)
The sultan of the Ottoman Empire who was the successor to Selim I. He was called the Magnificent due to his abilities at ruling and gaining land for the Ottoman Turks. He was Charles V's, the Holy Roman Emperor, greatest enemy. Suleiman ca: Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
The war between the Protestant forces and Charles V in Germany that went from 1546 to 1547. Charles soundly defeated the Lutherans at the Battle of Muhlburg, but the Lutherans were down and not out. This soon led to the alliance of the Lut: Schmalkaldic Wars
The wars between political rivals Charles V and Francis I of France, which went from 1521 to 1544. In the second war, the pope Clement VII joined France's side, but in 1527 Charles V's army ravaged Rome in a very bloody manner. This led to: Habsburg-Valois Wars
an end to religious warfare in Germany; division of Christianity acknowledged, Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism. In addition, rulers had the right to determine the religion of their subjects: Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), vowed to be a "soldier of God.": St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
Founded a new order of barefoot Carmelite nuns, working primarily with mysticism. Through this the Capuchins emerged, caring for the sick and poor and fighting Protestantism.: Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)
Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, this organization was strictly Catholic and grounded on absolute obedience to the Pope. The Jesuits built highly disciplined schools, propagated the Catholic faith among non-Christians (esp. oversees), and were determined: Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
they emerged when a group of Franciscans decided to return to the simplistic way of life. They focused on preaching of the Gospel directly to the people and were an effective force against Protestantism.: Capuchins
they placed their emphasis on reforming the secular clergy and encouraging those clerics to fulfill their duties among the laity.: Theatines
an order of nuns started by Saint Teresa of Avila, who had a mystical experience. They worked to foster more mystical experiences.: Carmelites
one of the original members of the Society of Jesus. He carried the message of Catholic Christianity to the East ministering to India and Japan: Francis Xavier- (1506-1552)
Pope Paul III called it. Scriptures and tradition were affirmed as equal authorities in religious matters, and both faith and good works were declared needed for salvation. The seven sacraments were held the same, as was celibacy of the: Council of Trent
This was a list of forbidden books to Catholics. These books consisted works of Protestant theologians and other unholy authors. Erasmus was included in these books.: The Index
Jesuit in China: Matteo Ricci
French Calvinists, came from all levels of society: Huguenots
The Huguenots were massacred in a battle of a civil war that erupted after Henry II died: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection: Edict of Nantes
the regent for her sons in France that looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse the political tensions but found to her consternation that both sides possessed their share of religious fanatics unwilling to make concessions. She was moderately C: Catherine de Medici (1560-89)
the wars erupted when the powerful duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots at Vassy. They persuaded the French Medicis to help them to eliminate the Huguenots leader: Guises
Henry of Navarre, the acknowledged political leader of the Huguenots and were slaughtered at this leaderÂ’s wedding: Bourbons, Henry IV (1589-1610)
queen whoÂ’s reign brought prominence for England as the relatively small kingdom became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe, laid the foundations for a world empire, and experienced a cultural resistance: Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Die-hard catholic who persecuted Protestants. She burned more than 300 protestant heretics during her reign as Bloody Mary: Mary Tudor
Act passed by Queen Elizabeth that restored church service to the Book of Common Prayer. She revised it a bit to please Catholics: Act of Uniformity
a group of people formed during the French religion wars. They placed full emphasis on politics being more important religion and believed that religious beliefs were not worth the deaths caused by a war: Politiques
during the French religion wars, disputes over rulers, codes of law, and religions nearly destroyed the country. Afterwards it was felt that France needed one king, one faith, and one law to unite the country: "One king, one faith, one law"
This state came into being when the northern Netherlands formally deposed their lord Philip II of Spain and decided to govern themselves, and lasted until French revolutionary forces invaded in 1795 and set up a new republic, called the Batavian Republic: United Provinces
Declaration by which the northern and southern provinces of the Low Countries put aside their religious differences and united in revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs. As the first major expression of national consciousness in The Netherlands, it ends th: Pacification of ghent
ended the war, birtually recognizing the independence of the northern provinces: Twelve Years Truce
Philip ascended the Spanish throne on the abdication of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Philip married Queen Mary I of England. His relations with the papacy were generally bad, because most of the popes feared Spanish power in Italy. Religious: Philip II (1555-98)
King Phillip II of Spain attempted to invade and conquer England to convert the Protestants back to Christianity, as well as to stop the English aid of the rebellion in the Netherlands. The plan was for a 2-pronged attack of a 125-ship armada from the so: Spanish Armada
Spanish Military leader that lead an army against the Dutch Revolt. He was successful in the crushing the early revolt, but failed to stop further revolting despite use of terror tactics. Many Dutch Protestant provinces gained independence from Spain: Duke of Alba (1507-82)
Dutch pirates that helped fight the rebellion in the Netherlands against Spain, fought under William of Orange: Sea beggars
Commander of Dutch Protestant forces against Phillip II and Spain, demanded Spain withdraws from the Netherlands. Also known as William the Silent.: William of Orange
King of Sweden during the 30 Years War, responisble for reviving Sweden and making it into a great Baltic power. He was a military genius, brought a well eqiupped and disciplined army to n. Germany. Adolphus was a devout Lutheran who felt compelled to ai: Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632)
IN 1617, the Bohemian Estates accepted the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand as their king but were soon unhappy with their choice. Ferdinand began re-Catholicizing Bohemia, and in May of 1618 the Protestant nobles rebelled against Ferdinand and proclaimed the: Defenestration of Prague (1618)
this ensured that all German estates were free to determine their own religion. France gained parts of W. Germany, and Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Swedish and German states of Brandenburg ang Bavaria gained territory in Germany, and the Austrian Habsburgs di: Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
During the Thirty Years War the imperial forces laid siege to Magdeburg in 1630. On May 20, 1631, the imperial troops stormed the city . Fires mysteriously broke out in various quarters, and by the following day virtually the entire city had burned down.: Sack of Magdeburg (1631)
This was a treaty signed at the end of the war which guaranteed the German people free will to determine there own religion. It also gave out land from the war to France, Sweden and Germany mainly. Then the treaty showed that politics and religion were t: Treaty of Westphalia
Was a war fought between 1618 and 1648, this war engulfed almost all of Europe even though it was mainly fought on the Germanic Holy Roman Empire lands. It was a religious war and was known as the last great religious war. Mainly between the Calvinists a: Thirty Years War
New artistic movement, it was a revival of religious values in art, artists were now distorting and elongating objects in their paintings. Mannerism reflected the environment of the worldly enthusiasm of the Renaissance and how it gave way too much spiri: Mannerism
Mannerism was eventually replaced by baroque. Baroque artists sought to bring together the classical ideas of the Renaissance art and the spiritual feelings of the 16th century religious revival. Baroque style was known for its use of dramatic effect to: Baroque
painted in churches in Rome. His paintings expressed intensely horrific feelings (the bodies were stretched and dark while the background was looming and ominous: El Greco (1541-1614)
often referred to as the "Prince of Baroque" painters because he was the ultimate master in "pure" landscape and also a humanist and classical archaeologist: Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
an Italian architect and sculptor who created saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican: Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
His essays which range over a wide variety of topics, are characterized as lively and involving many quotations from the classics, proven his knowledge. In 1571 he inherited his familyÂ’s estate and spent much of his time there. During this time he wrote: Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
Â“Complete man of the theatre.Â” Although best known for writing plays, he was also an actor and a shareholder in the Lord ChamberlainÂ’s Company. He was a master of the English language and understanding of human emotional conditions. He was able to str: William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Considered by many to be the greatest Spanish author, that was mostly due to the novel Don Quixote (Part I, 1605; Part II, 1615) that is regarded as one of the masterpieces of world literature. He was captured in Algeria after serving in the military and: Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)

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