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Biological Bases of Behavior

Terms

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PET SCAN
traces consumption of glucose. view brain areas at work
CAT SCANS
generate cross-sectional images of the brain thru xray like tech.
FIGHT/FLIGHT REACTION
increase in heart rate/respiration. decreased digestion/salivation.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
brain + spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
all other nerves in body
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
system that controls voluntary movement of lg. skeletal muscles
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
controls nonskeletal/smooth muscles (heart/digestive tract) involuntary.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
system associated w/ processes that burn energy
EEG SCAN
amplified read out of brain waves. measures subtle changes in brain electical activity through electrodes places on the head. Electrical pic of brain activity during various tasks
fMRI SCANS
blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
MRI SCAN
similar to CAT scans, but generates more highly detailed pics of the brain
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
system that calms/conserves energy. Sends blood to stomach 4 digestion, slows heart rate. Returns body to homeostasis
SENSORY/AFFERENT NEURONS
send info to brain
MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS
convey info from the brain
REFLEXES
quick/involuntary responses to environmental stimuli. From sensory to motor neurons
HINDBRAIN
oldest brain. cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular activating syst., pons, thalamus
CEREBELLUM
controls muscle tone + balance
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
controls involuntary actions (breathing, digestion, heart rate, swallowing and basic life functions
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
controls arousal. (wake/alert)
PONS
coordinates movement. passes neural info. from one brain region to another
THALAMUS
relays sensory info. receives + directs sensory info from visual/auditory systems. conveys info about balance/pain
MIDBRAIN/LIMBIC SYSTEM
2nd oldest brain. helps us assign emotions to our environment.
HIPPOCAMPUS
memory formation/learning. Damage - prevents formation of new memories (anterograde amnesia)
AMYGDALA
assigns fear/aggression.
HYPOTHALAMUS
motivation (hunger/thirst/sex). Homeostasis. Sneds hormones to pituitary gland.
FOREBRAIN/CEREBRAL CORTEX/OUTER LAYER
higher cognitive functions. (thinking/planning/language/fine motor control). Receives sensory input, sends out motor info
LEFT BRAIN
language processing
PAUL BROCA
damage to lft. brain - expressive aphasia (loss of ability to speak)
CARL WERNICKE
damage to lft temporal lobe - receptive aphasia (inability to comprehend speech)
RIGHT BRAIN
visual/spatial info
ROGER SPERRY
lft/right brains can function independently
FRONTAL LOBE
higher level thought/reasoning. motor cortex - making plans, forming judgements, performing movements
PARIETAL LOBE
sensory info. receives info about temp, pressure, texture, pain
TEMPORAL LOBE
auditory input. critical for processing speech/appreciating music
OCCIPITAL LOBE
visual input. info crosses optic chiasma
ASSOCIATION AREAS
associate info in sensory/motor cortices.
APRAXIA
damaged association area. inability to organize movement
AGNOSIA
damaged association area. difficulty processing sensory input
ALEXIA
damaged association area. inability to read
NEURON
makes up nerves. basic unit of nervous system
SOMA
nucleated cell body
DENDRITES
branch out from soma, receive input from other neurons thru receptors
AXON
long/tubelike structure. responds to input from dendrites/soma. transmits neural message down itself to pass to other cells.
MYELIN SHEATH
covers the axon of neurons and helps speed neural impulses. fatty coating.
NODES OF RANVIER
gaps b/w myelin sheath beads. help speed up neural transmission
TERMINAL BUTTONS
knobs on the branched end of axon. release neurotransmitters across synapse
ACTION POTENTIAL/NERVE IMPULSE
neuron fires, changes membrane of cell allowing ions to enter. All or none
ACETYCHOLINE
excitor. memory function, muscle contractions (heart). alzheimers - when achproducing neurons deteriorate
SEROTONIN
excitor. affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal. depression = not enough serotonin.
DOPAMINE
inhibitor. movement, learning, attention, emotion, reward. imbalance = parkinson\'s, schizophrenia
GABA
inhibitor. not enough = seizures, tremors, insomia
NOREPINEPHRINE
adrenaline. excitor. affects levels of alertness and arousal. depression.
ENDORPHINS
inhibitor. body\'s natural painkillers.
PITUITARY GLAND
master gland. controlled by hypothalamus. ACTH - stress
ADRENAL GLAND
epinephrine, norepinephrine. danger. fight/flight.
THYROID GLAND
front of neck. release thyroxine which regulates cellular metabolism
TRAITS
distinctive characteristics/behavior patterns determined by genetics
GENOTYPE
comprises all possible combos of genes
PHENOTYPE
observable result.
HERITABILITY
degree of variance among individuals that can be attributed to genetic variations
DOWN\'S SYNDROME
genetic disorder of mental retardation caused by break in the 21st chromosomal pair
HUNTINGTON\'S CHOREA
genetic disorder/muscle impairment that does not occur until after age 40. degeneration of the structure of the brain (basal ganglia)

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