genetics
Terms
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- Law of independent assortment
- Mendelian principal stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
- Law of segregation
- Mendelian principal explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combi
- aneuploidy
- incorrect chromosome number as a result of nondisjunction
- codominance
- two alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype in two different but equal ways (human blood types)
-
crossing over
- exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosome during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
- deletion
- a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost
-
down syndrome
-
aneuploid condition, extra chromosome 21, trisomy 21
- epistasis
-
gene at one locus alters the effects of a gene at another locus
- haploid
- cell with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid or n, number of chromosomes.
- homologous
- paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
-
klinefelter syndrome
- aneuploid condition, male has XXY (extra X)
- oncogenes/proto-oncogenes
- oncogenes are cancer-causing; proto-oncogenes code for normal cell growth; when proto-oncogenes are mutated there's an increase in the proto-oncogene or its activity
- PCR
- polymerase chain reaction: amplifies a particular piece of DNA without the use of cells
- pleiotropy
-
multiple phenotypic effects
- polygenic inheritance
-
two or more genes have an additive effect on a single character in the phenotype (height, skin color)
- polyploidy
-
more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants)
- recombination
- major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by re-assortment or crossing over during meiosis
- retrotransposons
-
sections of DNA that move from place to place within a genome with the help of an RNA molecule
- transduction
-
a phage carries bacterial genes from one host cell to another as a result of aberrations in the phage's reproductive cycle
- transformation
-
alteration of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the environment
- transposons
-
sections of DNA that move from one location to another location within a genome
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turner syndrome
-
monosomic condition, only one sex chromosome, an X
- charcot-marie tooth disease (CMT)
- duplication of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 on chromosome 17
- robertsonian translocation
-
chromosomal rearrangement that in humans occurs in 5 arocentric chromosome pairs
namely: 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 - philadelphia translocation
-
leukemia
chromosome 9 and 22 - operon
- in bacteria tells which gene to replicate
- operator
- binds activator or repressor proteins
- positive regulation
- activator is needed to start transcription
- pachytene
- fully synapsed chromosomes
- regulatory elements
- where regulatory protein binds
- regulatory protein
-
can bind to a site to regulate transcription
-very specific site - proteins
- western blotting
- germ line therapy
- gene put into germ line
- target gene
- target the gene and insert it into exact location on the chromosome
- eptopic integration
-
peice of DNA is randomly inserted to a chromosome
-could land in gege and disrupt function - selection
- kill off unwanted
- diakinesis
- chromosomes become fully contracted
- restriction endonucleases
- enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sequences
- zygotene
- active paring of homologous chromosomes
- holliday junction
- where the chiasma is
- heteroduplex
- 2 strands where crossing over will occur b/c they line up complementary to one another
- centimorgan
- unit for map units
- cis dihybrid
-
same on one chromosome
ex) A B
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a b - locus
- spot on DNA where gene is ocated
- hemizygous gene
- gene present on only one copy in a diploid organism