Intro to Psych 1
Terms
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- Emotion is a mix of:
- Physiological Arousal(heart pounding), Expressive behaviors, Conscious Experience
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- mobilizes body (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- part of PNS Sympathetic - Arousal (heart, blood pressure) Parasympathetic - calms
- Estimate of the degree to which any trait or behavior is due to genetic influence
- Heritability
- when effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)
- Interaction
- adaptive traits are passed on to generations due to their aid in survival and reproduction
- Natural Selection
- we are not entitled to derive moral statements from factual ones; there is no connection between what is in nature and what should be
- Naturalistic Fallacy
- Sex vs. Gender
- sex=male/female-biological differences gender=masculine/feminine-characteristics that society defines
- "man"/"woman"
- sex + gender role
- children learn gender linked behaviors by observing and imitating and being rewarded
- Social Learning Theory
- children learn from cultures how to be male or female
- Gender Schema Theory
- Prenatal Development
- Zygote - conception--2weeks (fertilized egg) Embryo - 2--8weeks(critical period-growth) Fetus - 9weeks--birth(organ function)
- harmful agents such as certain drugs, alcohol
- Teratogens
- mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
- Cognition
- interpreting one's new experience based on own schemas
- Assimilation
- adapting current schemas for new info
- Accomodation
- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor(0-2yrs), Preoperational(2-6yrs), Concrete Operational(7-11yrs), Formal Operational Stage(12-adult)
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Object Permanance - objects continue to exist out of site
- Peroperational Stage
- Egocentrism - cant take anothers point of view Theory of Mind-realize how you and others think
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Mental operations Conservation Mathematical transformations
- Formal Operational Stage
- thinking and logical reasoning
- form attachments during critical period very early in life
- Imprinting
- Hindbrain parts and function
- Cerebellum-"little brain"-time, balance, movement Pons and Medulla-automatic processes
- Midbrain function
- sensory processing and motor control
- Forebrain parts and function
- Thalamus-sensory switchboard Hypothalamus-Pleasure/reward Amygdala-emotion response and memories Limbic System-emotions and drives
- Limbic System parts and functions
- Hypothalamus-pleasure Amygdala-emotion response and memory Hippocampus-memories
- Cerebral Cortex parts and functions
- Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes -thinking and consciousness
- impairment of language due to damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
- Aphasia -Brocas-speech -Wernickes-understanding
- Neuron parts and functions
- Axon-sends messages Dendrites-recieve messages Terminal Branches-forms junctions with other cells Interneurons-connects 2 neurons
- Sensory vs. Motor Neurons
- Sensory-carry info from receptors to CNS Motor-carry info from CNS to muscles
- Action Potential
- electrical charge through axon -Excitatory-GO -Inhibitory-NO GO
- Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals released by neuron across synapses to bind to receptor sites Serotonin-arousal Acetylcholine-motor neuron to muscle Endorphins-pain control and pleasure
- Somatic vs. Autonomic NS
- S-voluntary control A-Heart beat, arouses and calms body
- transformation of stimulus energy to neural impulses
- Transduction
- ROYGBIV
- R=long wavelengths(700nm) V=short wavelengths(400nm)
- lens reshapes to focus on near or far object
- Accomodation
- retina has 3 color receptors; red, green, blue; which produce color
- Trichromatic Theory
- opposing retinal processes(red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black) produce color
- Opposing-process Theory
- How color is produced
- COLOR=trichromatic theory + opponent process theory
- 5 Taste Senses
- sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and unami
- Sense of Smell
- chemical sense; smell causes strong memories
- Flavor=
- taste + smell + texture
- spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain
- Gate Control Theory
- 24 hour cycle - due to body temp, alertness, and hormone release
- Circadian Rhythms
- light triggers this to decrease melatonin from pineal gland in morning and increase in evening
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
- Sleep Stages
- Stage1/2-light sleep; theta waves Stage2-sleep spindles(burst of brain activity) Stage3/4-deepest sleep; delta waves Stage4-night terrors Stage5-REM sleep; vivid dreams
- Brain Waves
- Beta-normal waking(REM) Alpha-deep relaxation Theta-light sleep Delta-deep sleep
- Freudian term meaning the story line of a dream
- Manifest Content
- hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors
- Social Influence Theory
- hypnosis is a special state of divided consciousness
- Divided Consciousness