Conditions, Procedures, and Lab Tests
Terms
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- vasectomy
- bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
-
transurethral resection of the prostate
(TURP) - excision of parts of the prostate gland using a resectoscope through the urethra
-
digital rectal examination
(DRE) - finger palpation through the rectum to examine the prostate gland
- circumcision
- surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis
- castration
-
surgical excision of testicles or ovaries
(if a male is castrated before puberty...he becomes a eunuch) - semen analysis
- ejaculated fluid is examined microscopically
- PSA test
- measures levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
- syphilis
-
chronic STI caused by a spirochete
(spiral-shaped bacterium) - chancre
-
hard ulcer
(usually appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after bacterial infection such as syphilis) - herpes genitalis
- infectionof the skin and mucosa of the genitals, cuased by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- gonorrhea
- inflammation of the genital tract mucous membranes, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria)
- chlamydial infection
- bacteria (Chlamydia trachomatis) invade the urethra and reproductive tract of men and the vagina and cervix of women
- phimosis
- narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
- hypospadias; hypospadia
- congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
- hyperspadia
- congenital opening of the male urethra on the top side of the penis
- prostatic hyperplasia
-
benign rowth of cells within the prostate gland
(benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH) - carcinoma of the prostate
- malignant tumor of the prostate gland
- varicocele
-
enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle
(associated with oligospermia and azoospermia) - testicular torsion
- twisting of the spermatic cord
- hydrocele
- sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
-
cryptorchism;
cryptorchidism - undescended testicles
- carcinoma of the testes
-
malignant tumor of the testicles
(most common tumor, a seminoma, arises from embryonic cells in the testes) - carcinoma of the cervix
-
malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)
-carcinoma in situ (CIS)...localized cancer growth - cervicitis
- inflammation of the cervix
-
carcinoma of hte endometrium
(endometrial cancer) - malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma)
- endometriosis
-
endometrial tissue is found in abnormal locations, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, supporting ligaments, or small intestine
-develop as a result of bits of mentrual endometrium that pass backward through the lumen (opening) of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneal cavity -
fibroids
(also called leiomymas) -
benign tumors in the uterus
composed of fibrous tissue and muscle
-pedunculated growths protrude on stalks
-subserosal mass lies under the serosal layer of the uterus
-submucosal grows under the mucosal layer
-intramural masses arise within the muscular uterine wall - ovarian carcinoma
- malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
- ovarian cysts
- collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary
- dermoid cysts
-
lined with a variety of cell types, including skin, hair, teeth, and cartilage, and arise from immature egg cells in the ovary
also called benign cystic teratomas -
pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID) - inflammation in the pelvic region; salpingitis
- carcinoma of the breast
-
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
-most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma - modified radical mastectomy
- removal of the whole breast, lymph nodes and adjacent chest wall muscle
- fibrocystic disease
- small sacs of tissue and fluid in the breast
- abruptio placentae
- premature separation of the implanted placenta
- choriocarcinoma
- malignant tumor of the pregnant uterus
- ectopic pregnancy
- implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
- placenta previa
- placental implantation over the cervical os (opening) or in the lower region of the uterine wall
- preeclampsia
- abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by the triad of high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema
- Apgar score
- system of scoring an infant's physical condition 1 to 5 minutes after birth
- Down syndrome
- chromosomal abnormality (trisomy-21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- hemolytic disease in the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
- hylaine membrane disease
-
acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn
also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
caused by deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function - hydrocephalus
- accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
- pyloric stenosis
-
narrowing of the opening of hte stomach to the duodenum
(usually pertaining the a neonatal) - Pap smear (test)
- microsurgery examination of stained cells from the vagina and cervix
- pregnancy test
- blood or urine test to detect the presence of HCG
- hysterosalpingography
- x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
- mammography
- x-ray imaging of the breast
- pelvic ultrasonography
-
record of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
transvaginal ultrasound allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at organs within the pelvis - aspiration
- withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac
- cauterization
- process of burning a part of the body
- colposcopy
- visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
- conization
- removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix
- cryosurgery
-
use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
also called cryocauterization - culdocentesis
- needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
-
dilation and curettage
(D&C) - widening of the cervix and scraping the endometrium of the uterus
- exenteration
-
removal of internal organs
-pelvic exenteration is removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis - laparoscopy
- visual examination of the abdominal cavity
- tubal ligation
- blockingthe fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
- abortion
- spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus can exist on its own
- amniocentesis
- surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
- cesarean section
- surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
- chorionic villus sampling
- sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
- fetal monitoring
- use of ultrasonography to record the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions during labor
- pelvimetry
- measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis