The Cardiovascular system
Terms
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- What are the five main types of blood vessels
- Arteries,arterioles.,capillaries venules,veins
- What are the three main types of artery walls
- Tunica interna or intima, tunica media,tunica externa or tunica adventitia
- The tunica intima consists of what???
- Lining of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium,(basement membrane)and a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic lamina
- The ________ is a continous layer of cells that line the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system.
- Endothelium
- Define Lumen??(arteries???)
- the hollow center through which blood flows
- Which layer of the blood vessels is the thickest and what is it made up of????
- The tunica media and it consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers that extend circularly around the lumen
- What is the outer layer called and what is it made of???
- Tunica Adventitia. elastic and collegen fibers
- In muscular arteries what separates the tunica media from the tunica advetitia
- external elastic lamina
- _________neurons of the ________nervous system innervate vascular smooth muscle.
- Sympathetic Autonomic
- the term for the vascular smooth muscle contracting is ________????
- vasocnstriction
- Smooth muscle fibers relax when sympathetic stimulation decreases or when chemicals Like ______,______,_____,________ and the resulting decrease in lumen diameter is called _________.
- nITRIC OXIDE,K+,H+,lactic acidand called Vasodilation.
- When an artery or arteriole is damaged it ________.
- contracts(vsoconstriction)
- The largest diameter arteries are called_______ because the tunica media contains a large propportion of ______fibers???>And their walls are relatively _______
- Elastic arteries ,elastic ,,,Thin
- The elastic arteries funtion as what???
- pressure reservoir
- Elastic arteries also called _____
- conducting arteries
- Medium sized arteries are called ______because their tunica media contains more _______and less ________.Making them very capable of contraction and dilation>
- muscular, elastic
- Muscular arteries are also called _____
- distributing arteries
- An ________ is a very small artery that delivers blood to capillaries.
- arteriole
- arterioles play a key role inregulation of blood flow by regulating ______.
- resistance
- Another name for arterioles is ______
- resistance vessels
- _________are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules.
- capillaries
- the flow of blood from arterioles to venules thru capillaries is called _____
- microcirculation
- The amount of capillaries in a tissue varies with __________
- metabolic activity
- ________ are abscent in some tissues like cornea lens and cartilage
- capillaries
- Another term for capillaries is_____
- exchange vessels
- If tissue is active _______capillaries fill with blood
- more
- avessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies agroup of 10-100 capillaries is called a _______and the vesssels it supplies are called ________>
- metarteriole ,,capillary bed
- The distal end of a metarteriole,which empties into a_______has ________and is called a ________.
- venule,no smooth muscle, called a thoroughfare channel.
- At their sites of origin a ring of _____ called a ________ controls the flow of blood to a true capillary
- smooth muscle,precapillary sphincter
- Intermittent contraction and relaxtion is called________
- vasomotion
- Blood flows thru ___of a capillary bed?
- 25%
- Name three types of capillaries????
- continuous,fenestrated and sinusoids
- _________capillaries have gaps between endothelium cells called ________????
- contiuous,,intercellular clefts
- _________capillaries ,the endothelium has many __________, small holes 70nm to 100nm in dia. These are found in organs like the kidneys choroid plexes,intestine cilliary process.
- fenestrated,fenestrations
- ______ capillaries are wider and more wining,larger fenestrations,and incomplete or absent basement memebrane
- Sinusoids
- ______collects blood from capillaries and sends it to veins
- venules
- The smallest venules are very porous and are a site that ________emigrate to inflamed tissues.
- Phagocytic white blood cells
- the three types of capillaries are________,_________and___________.
- continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid
- Capillaries that are a continuous tube of endothelial cells that are only interupted by small intercellular clefts (gaps between cells):thes are found in skeletal and smooth muscle,connective tissue and the LUNGS.
- continuous capillaries
- these capillaries have many small pores and are found in the kidneys ,small intestines,choroid plexuses,ciliary processes endocrine glands
- fenestrated capillaries
- ____________are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Their endotheliail cells may have large fenestrations,no basement membrane and will allow passage of proteins. liver spleen anterior pituitary,parathyroid
- sinusoids
- When several capillaries unite they form small veins called ___________.
- venules
- veins are essentially the same as arteries with some differencesthe tunica interna is ________.the tunicamedia is much__________than in arteries.The tunica adventia is the ______layer and contains collegen and elastic fibers.
- thinner,thinner,thickest
- ___________is a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter it's diameter.dense surrounding connective tissue supply support.
- vascular sinus
- Leaky venous valves can cause veins to become dialated and twisted in appearance.This condition called_________.
- varicose veins
- Tissues that receive blood from more than one artery is termed___________.
- anastomosis
- 3 methods of capillary exchange are____,____,and________.
- diffusion,transcytosis, bulk flow
- The most important method of capillary exchang is __________they go down their concentrated gradients.All plasma solutes can use this method except proteins.
- diffusion
- _________is a passive process by which large numbers of Ions, molecules or particles in fluid move together in the same direction.This works from pressure differences between interstitial fluid and blood hydrostatic pressure.
- Bulk flow :filtration and reabsorbtion
- two pressure promote filtration(movement of fluid to interstial fluid)1_____________and2____________
- blood hydrostic pressure 2.interstitial osmotic pressure
- pressur-driven movement from interstitial fluid to blood capillaries is called _________________????this pressure is promoted ___________?????
- by blood colloid osmotic pressure
- overall the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered.Name Law
- Starling's law of the capillaries
- forced caused by the colloidal suspension of the large proteins in plasma that average 26 mmHg in most capillaries
- Blood colloid osmotic pressure(bcop)
- If filtration greatly exceeds absorption,the result is __________??
- edema(swelling)
- Total blood flow is _________,the volume of blood that flows in one minute
- cardiac output
- ___________blood pressure is the highest pressure obtained in arteries during contraction.___________is the lowest arterial pressure attained in arteries during relaxation.
- Systolic,diastolic blood pressure
- mean arterial blood pressure is _____________?
- diastolic pressure +1/3(systolic BP-diastolic BP)
- If blood volume falls by _____% blood pressure drops.
- 10
- Vascular resistance depends on 1.____-2._____3._______
- size of vessel 2.lenght of vessel 3.blood viscosity
- blood vessel length: for each 2.2 lbs of fat __________ of additional vessels
- 400 miles
- two processes that help venous return are the ___________and the__________
- the skeletal muscle pump,,,,,the respiratory pump
- fainting ,a sudden temporary loss of consciousness, followed by recovery,most commonly due to cerebral ischemia(((a lack of sufficient blood flow to the brain)is called
- syncope
- __________ an excess decrease in blood pressure that occurs upon standing up,that may cause fainting>
- orthostatic hypotension
- the _____________of the ___________controls neural,hormonal,and local negetive feedback system
- cardiovascular center, medulla oblongata
- parasympathetic stimulation conveyes along the ___________nerves(___________)decreases heart rate
- vagus (cranial nerve X)
- the cardiovascular center also continually sends impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls via_______
- vasomotor nerves
- these vasomotor nerves continually send impulses to arterioles throughout the body,but especially to _________and ______--.the result is a state of tonic restriction called __________.
- skin and abdomonal viscera,vasomotor tone
- Barorecepters are located in the _______,________ ,and other large arteries in the neck.the two most important baroreceptor reflexes are the ______and the __________.
- aorta, internal carotid arteries,carotid sinus reflex , aortic reflex
- nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus receptors over sesory axons in the ____________.
- glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
- baroreceptors in the aorta reach the cardiovascular center via sesory axons of the _________________
- vagus nerve
- doctors sometimes use ___________ which invovles carefully massaging the neck over the ____________, to slow the heart rate in a person who has paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia ( originates in atria)
- carotid sinus massage, carotid sinus
- anything that stretches or puts pressure on the carotid sinus such as hyperextension of neck or tight collars may also slow heartrates and can cause ___________,fainting due to stimulation of the carotid sinus
- carotid sinus syncope
- chemoreceptors are located close to the barorecptors in the carotid sinus and the arch of aorta in small structures called ___________and _____________respectively.
- carotid bodies ,aortic bodies
- hypoxia is lowered___________, acidosis is an increase in___________,and hypercapnia is ______________.these chemoreceptors also stimulate ___________.
- O2,,H+,,,CO2,,,,respiratory center
- Hormones that increase or decrease BP:Epine or Norepine _________cardiac output,,angiotension II, ADH, NOR,EPINE, ___________vasoconstriction.atrial natriuretic peptide (realsed by cells in atria),nitric oxide,and norE__________ in blood pressure
- increase,increase,decrease
- the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to much metabolic demamds is called ____________.
- autoregulation
- warming promoteds vasodialation,cooling vasoconstriction.smooth muscles in arteriole walls exhibit ____________( the smooth arteriole muscles contract more forcefully )
- myogenic response
- vasodilation chemicals that are released from cells ( white blood cells smooth muscle cells platelets and endothelial cells )INclude_________,_______,______,and especially_____________
- K+<<H+>>lactic acid < nitric oxide
- vasoconstrictor chemicals include __________,___________,____________
- thrombxane A2, speroxide radicals, serotonin, endothelins
- the walls of vessels in the sympathetic circulation __________ inresponse to low O2 levels and the walls of vessels in the pulmonary circulation__________.
- dialate,,,,constrict
- ___________is a resting heartrate over 100 BPM,and ___________is a resting heartrate under 60 BPM
- tachycardia, bradycardia
- the device usually used to measure blood pressure is a_________________
- spygmomanometer
- the normal ratio of systolic pressure to distolic pressure to pulse pressure is _____________
- 3:2:1
- the failur of the cardiovacular system to deliver is called _______
- shock
- with inadequate delivery ofO2 cells switch from _________to___________for ATP production.
- aerobic, anaerobic
- ___________shock is due to decrease in blood volume
- hypovolemic
- In _____________shock the heart fails to pump properly
- cardiogenic
- In ____________shock a severe allergic reaction releases histimine that causes vasodialation
- anaphylactic
- _______shock is caused from head trauma to medulla
- neurogenic
- ____________shock is due to vasodilation by certain bacterial toxins
- septic
- ___________shock is due to blockage
- obstructive
- the ____________portal vein recieves blood from capillaries of the gastrointestinal organs and the spleen to the sinusoids of the _________.
- hepatic,liver
- the _____ drains blood from the small intestine and portions of the large intestine,stomache and pancreas.
- superior mesenteric vein,
- the _____ vein drains blood from the stomach pancreas and portions of the large intestines
- splenic
- most of fetal blood does not pass from the right ventricle to the lungs ,as does post natal blood ,because of an opening between the right and left atria callled___________?
- foramen ovale
- the _________ bypasses some of the liver in a a fetal babie.
- ductus venosus
- the __________is a fetal bypass between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
- ductus arteriosus