Griffin Tch A&P Chp 11 Endocrine:Glands and Hormones
Terms
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- This systems consists of a group of glands that produces regulatory chemicals called hormones?
- Endocrine System
- The _____ system and the _____ system work together to control and coordinate all other systems of the body?
- Endocrine and nervous
- This system involves only chemical stimuli, and these chemical messengers have widespread effects on the body?
- Endocrine
- The effects of the endocrine system occur _______ over long periods of time?
- Slowly
- Chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs?
- Hormones
- Hormones regulate?
- Growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior
- Specific tissues acted on by each hormone is the?
- Target tissue
- The cells that make up the target tissues have_______ in the plasma membrane or within the cytoplasm to which the hormone is attached?
- Receptors
- Once a hormone binds to a receptor on or in the target cells what happens?
- The hormone effects cell activities, regulating the manufacture of proteins, changing the permeability of the membrane, or affecting metabolic reactions.
- Chemically hormones fall into two 2 categories, which are?
- Amino acid compounds and steriods
- These hormones are proteins or related compounds also made of amino acids?
- Amino acid compounds
- All hormones except those of the adrenal cortex and the sex glands fall into this category of chemical hormone?
- Amino acid compounds
- These hormones are types of lipids derived from the steroid cholesterol?
- Steroids
- Are produced by the adrenal cortex and the sex glands?
- Steroids
- If a chemical hormone has a suffix -one, what type is it?
- Steroid (progesterONE, testosterONE)
- What are hormones and what are some effects of hormones?
- Hormones are chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs, growth, metabolism, reproduction, behavior
- What type of feedback is normally used to regulate homeostasis in the endocrine system?
- Negative
- Describe negative feedback pertaining to the pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating-hormone TSH?
- Draw diagram
- Less commonly positive feedback occurs, what are examples of this type of feedback in the endocrine system?
- Menstruation and labor
- Some hormones follow a rhythmic pattern, example?
- Hormones of the adrenal cortex follow a 24hour cycle related to a person's sleeping pattern, with the level of secretion greatest just before rising and least at bedtime.
- Hormone levels are normally kept within a specific range, what is the most common method used to regulate secretions of hormones?
- Negative Feedback
- A small gland the size of a cherry, located in a saddlelike depression of the sphenoid bone just posterior to the point where the optic nerves cross?
- Pituitary or Hypophysis
- It is surrounded by bone except where it connects with the hypothalamus?
- Pituitary or Hypophysis
- The pituitary or hypophysis connects with the hypothalamus by a stalk called?
- Infundibulum
- The pituitary or hypophysis is divided into two parts, what are they?
- Anterior and posterior lobes
- Often called the Master Gland?
- Pituitary or hypophysis
- Releases hormones that affect the working of other glands such as thyroid, gonads, and adrenal glands?
- Pituitary or hypophysis
- Hormones that stimulate other glands may be recognized by the suffix?
- -tropin (acting on) (thyrotropin)
- This gland is controlled by the hypothalamus?
- Pituitary or hypophysis
- Releasing hormones are indicated with what abbreviation?
- RH
- One of the tiny glands located behind the thyroid gland?
- Parathyroid gland
- The largest of the endocrine glands, located in the neck?
- Thyroid
- The gland in the brain that is regulated by light?
- pineal
- An organ that contains islets?
- Pancrease
- The endocrine gland composed of a cortex, a medulla, each with specific funtions?
- Adrenal gland
- The part of the brain that controls the anterior pituitary?
- Hypothalamus
- The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk synthesis?
- Prolactin
- The main hormone of the adrenal medulla that, among other actions, raises blood pressure and increases the heart rate?
- Epinephrine
- The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex?
- ACTH
- A hormone produced by the ovaries?
- Estrogen
- The hormone from the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules?
- Aldosterone
- A gonadotropic hormone?
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus?
- Antidiuretic hormone
- A hormone that raises the blood calcium level?
- Parathyroid hormone
- A hormone that lowers the blood glucose level?
- Insulin
- A pancreatic hormone that raises the blood glucose level?
- Glucagon
- An adrenal hormone that raises the blood glucose level?
- Cortisol
- A hormone that aids in the maturation of T lymphocytes?
- Thymosin
- The hormone produced by the pineal gland?
- Melatonin
- A hormone that lowers blood pressure?
- Atrial natriuretic factor
- Estrogen is a?
- Steroid
- Steroid hormones are derived from?
- Cholesterol
- A building block of growth hormone is?
- Amino acid
- Releasing hormones RH are produced in the?
- hypothalamus
- Prolactin is an example of?
- Protein hormone
- An androgen is?
- Male sex hormone
- A hormone NOT produced by the thyroid gland?
- Thymosin
- Hormones produce by the thyroid gland?
- calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine
- The hormone that causes milk EJECTION from the breast?
- oxytocin
- A hormone derived from cholesterol?
- Progesterone
- Hormones not derived from cholesterol?
- Thyroid hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone
- The pituitary hormone that regulates the activity of the thyroid gland?
- TSH
- Erythroprotein is sythensized in the?
- Kidneys
- Releasing hormones are sent from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by way of a special circulatory pathway called?
- Portal System
- When the blood glucose level decreases to less than average, the islet cell of the panceas release less insulin, this is an example of the regulatory mechanism called?
- Negative feedback
- The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH, which in turn, stimulates hormone production by the?
- Adrenal cortex
- The element needed for the production of thyroxine is?
- Iodine
- Local hormones that have a variety of effects, including the promotion of inflammation and the production of uterine contractions?
- Prostaglandins
- A hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary that is involved in water balance?
- Antidiuretic hormone
- The primary target tissue for prolactin?
- mammary gland
- ACTH acts on the?
- Adrenal cortex
- Cortisol and the pancreatic hormone ______ both raise blood sugar?
- glucagon
- The ovaries and testes produce this type of hormone?
- Steroid
- Cortisol is produced by the?
- Adrenal cortex
- Islet cells are found in the?
- Pancreas
- ADH and oxytocin are secreted by which lobe of the pituitary?
- Posterior
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the?
- Heart
- Explain why hormones , although they circulate throughout the body, exercise their effects only on specific target cells?
- write answer
- List two differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
- endocrine system is slow response ovder a long period of time, while the nervous system is fast in a short period of time
- Name three organs other than the endocrine glands that produce hormones, and name a hormone produced in each organ?
- Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), kidney (erythroprotein), stomach (digestive hormone)
- Compare the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?
- Write essay
- The hormones produced in the anterior pituitary are not released until messengers arrive from the hypothalamus, these messengers are?
- Releasing Hormones
- The circulatory detour, which enables blood to flow through the capillaries and delivers the hormones that stimulate the release of anterior pitiutary secretions?
- Portal system
- GH=
- Growth hormone
- Type of hormone that promotes growth of ALL body tissues?
- GH Growth hormone
- Type of hormone that Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?
- TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
- TSH=
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- ACTH=
- Adrenocorticotropic
- Type of hormone that Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in stress situations (injury, pain)?
- ACTH Adrenocorticotropic
- Type of hormone that Stimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands?
- PRL Prolactin
- PRL=
- Prolactin
- FSH=
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Type of hormone that Stimulates growth and hormone activity of ovarian follicles?
- FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
- Type of hormone that stimulates growth of testes; promotes development of sperm?
- FSH follicle stimulating hormone
- LH=
- luteinizing hormone
- Type of hormone that Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female?
- LH Lunteinizing hormone
- ICSH=
- Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
- Type of hormone that stimulates secretion of testosterone in males?
- ICSH Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
- Anterior Pituitary Hormones?
- GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH, ICSH
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones?
- ADH, Oxytocin
- ADH=
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Type of hormone that Promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules; at high concentration stimulates constriction of blood vessels?
- ADH Antidiuretic hormone
- Type of hormone that causes contraction of uterine muscle; causes ejection of milk from mammary glands?
- Oxytocin
- Thyroid Hormones?
- T4, T3
- T4=
- Thyroxine
- T3=
- Triiodothyronine
- Type of hormone that Increases metabolic rate, influencing both physical and mental activities, required for normal growth?
-
T4 and T3
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine - Type of hormone that Decreases calcium level in blood?
- Calcitonin
- PTH=
- Parathyroid hormones
- Type of hormone that Regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones, increases calcium level in blood?
- PTH Parathyroid hormones
- What hormone increases calcium in the blood and what hormone decreases calcium in the blood?
-
Increase=PTH
Decreases=calcitonin - Adrenal Cortex hormones?
- Cortisol, Alderosterone, Sex hormones
- Type of hormone that Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress?
- Cortisol
- Type of Adrenal cortex hormone that is 95% of glucocorticoids?
- Cortisol
- Type of hormone that Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance?
- Aldosterone
- Type of Adrenal Cortex hormone that is 95% mineralocorticoids?
- Aldsterone
- Type of hormone that May influence secondary sexual characteristics?
- Sex hormones
- Pancreatic hormones?
- Insulin, Glucagon
- Type of hormone that is needed for transport of glucose into cells, required for cellular metabolism of foods?
- Insulin
- Type of hormone that decreases blood sugar?
- Insulin
- Adrenal Medullar hormones?
- Epinephrine and norephinephrine
- Type of hormone that Increases blood pressure and heart rate; activates cells influenced by sympathetic NS plus many not be affected by the SNS?
- Epinephrine and norephinephrine
- Type of hormone that stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels?
- Glucagon
- Which pancreatic hormone increases and which one decreases blood sugar level?
-
Increases=Glucagon
Decrease=Insulin - Hormones of the Testes?
- Testosterone
- Type of hormone that stimulates growth and development of sexual organs (testes, penis)?
- Testosterone
- Type of hormone that developes a secondary sexual characteristic such as hair growth on body and face and deepening of voice?
- Testosterone
- Type of hormone that stimulates maturation of sperms cells?
- Testosterone
- Hormones of the ovaries?
- Estrogens (estradiol), and progesterone
- Type of hormone that Stimulates growth of sexual organs (uterus, tubes)?
- Estrogen
- Type of hormone that develop secondary sexual organs such as breasts, plus changes in pelvis to ovoid (broader shape)?
- Estrogen
- Type of hormone that stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands?
- Progesterone
- Type of hormone that prepares uterine linning for implantaion of fertilized ovum?
- Progesterone
- Type of hormone that aids in maintaining pregnancy?
- Progesterone
- Hormones of the Thymus?
- Thymosin
- Type of hormone that promotes growth of T cells active in immunity?
- Thymosin
- Hormones of the Pineal?
- Melatonin
- Type of hormone that regulates mood, sexual development, and daily cycles in response to the amount of light in the environment?
- Melatonin
- RH=
- Releasing Hormones
- IH=
- Inhibiting hormones
- What type of anterior pituitary hormone suppress both growth hormone and prolactin?
- IH Inhibiting hormones
- If a hormone is designed to inhibit a growth hormone, how would you label it?
- GHIH= growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
- The only hormones that are regulated by IH and RH?
- GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH, ICSH (anterior pituitary)
- What does PIH mean?
- Prolactin inhibiting hormone
- Hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced in the?
- Hypothalamus
- Hormones produced in the hypothalamus are stored where?
- Posterior pituitary
- The posterior pituitary hormones release is controlled by?
- Nerve impulses
- The nerve impulses that release pituitary hormones travel by?
- Pathways or tracts between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
- What part of the brain controls the pituitary?
- Hypothalamus
- Somatotropin is also known as?
- GH growth hormone
- If there is a deficiency of GH what will happen?
- The person will remain small, though well proportioned.
- Type of hormone that stimulates protein synthesis and is needed for maintenance and repair of cells?
- GH
- Type of hormone that stimulates liver to release fatty acids for energy during time of stress?
- GH
- Type of hormone that stimulates the devlopment of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes?
- FSH
- Classified as gonadotropins?
- FSH and LH
- Type of hormones that act on the gonads to regulate growth, development, and function of the reproductive system?
- Gonadotropins
- Inadequate amounts of ADH, cause excessive water loss and result in a disorder called?
- diabetes insipidus
- Type of gland that has two roughly oval lateral lobes on eitherside of the larynx?
- Thyroid
- Connects the larynx to the thyroid?
- Isthmus
- The principal thyroid hormone?
- T4 Thyroxine
- T4, what does the 4 mean?
- The number of iodine atoms in each molecule
- T3 has how many atoms of iodine?
- 3 three
- MSH=
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- Type of hormone that darkens skin and hair by stimulating melanocytes to manufacture the pigment melanin?
- MSH
- POMC=
- Proopiomelanocortin
- A pre-curser molecule from ACTH, which enzymes cut into ACTH and MSH?
- POMC
- The cartilage of the larynx?
- Epiglottis
- What two types of metabolism do T4 and T3 increase?
- Energy metabolism and Protein metabolism
- These four tiny glands are embedded in the posterior capsule of the thyroid?
- Parathyroid glands
- PTH causes the kidney to conserve what?
- Calcium
- When calcium is high what hormone is produced, and when calcium is low what hormone is produced?
-
High=Calcitonin
Low=PTH - The active form of vitamin D?
- Calcitriol
- Calcitriol is produced in what organs?
- Liver and kidney
- What are the three hormones that work together to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood and provide calcium for bone maintenance and other functions?
- Calcitricol, Calcitonin, PTH
- What mineral is regulated by calcitonin and PTH?
- Calcium
- Two small glands located superior to the kidneys?
- Adrenal Glands
- This gland has two parts that act as seperate glands?
- Adrenal Gland
- The inner area of the adrenal gland?
- Adrenal medulla
- The outer portion of the adrenal gland?
- Adrenal cortex
- The principle hormone released from the adrenal medulla is?
- Epinepherine or adrenaline
- Norepinephrine is also called?
- Noradrenaline
- Hormones referred to as the flight or fight hormones?
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Epinephrin and norepinephrine instead of being released into the blood stream function as?
- Neurotransmitters
- The main hormone from the adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?
- Epinephrine or adrenaline
- Another name for cortisol?
- hydrocortisone
- What are the three categories of hormones released by the adrenal cortex?
- Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
- What effect does cortisol have on glucose levels in the blood?
- Increase the level of glucose in the blood stream
- A type of gland that has both endocrine and exocrine secretions?
- Pancreas
- Islets in the pacreas are also known as?
- ilsets of Langerhans
- The islets make up which portion of the pacreas?
- Endocrine portion
- The cells surrounding the islets secrete digestive juices and make up which portion of the pancreas?
- Exocrine portion
- The cell that secrete digestive juices secrete them through ducts into the?
- small intestines
- The most important horomone secreted by islets is?
- insulin
- Type of hormone that is active in the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, thus increasing glucose uptake?
- Insulin
- Once inside a cell, what substance is metabolized for energy?
- Glucose
- When islets fail to produce enough insulin or the body does not respond to the insulin, what disease is this?
- Diabetes mellitus
- What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas act to regulate glucose levels in the blood?
- insulin and glucagon
- All male sex hormones are classified as?
- Androgens
- A mass of lymphoid tissue that lies in the upper part of the chest superior to the heart?
- Thymus Gland
- After T cells (T lymphocytes) leave the thymus gland where do they go?
- Into the lymphnodes of the body
- A small flattened, cone shape structure located posterior to the midbrain and connected to the roof of the third ventricle?
- Pineal Gland
- Type of hormone that appears to delay the onset of puberty, Pinneal gland?
- Melatonin
- ANP=
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Type of hormone that is produced by the atria of the heart in response to their increased filling with blood?
- ANP
- Type of heart hormone that increases loss of sodium by the kidneys and lowers blood pressure?
- ANP
- Placenta secretes hormones during?
- Pregnancy
- Type of localized hormones made up of most body tissue and are produced, act, and are rapidly inactivated in or close to their sites of origin?
- Prostaglandis
- What are some hormones released in time of stress?
- ACTH, GH, T4, T3, Insulin, sex hormones
- Type of hormone that stimulates growth in most body tissues?
- Somatotropin