Bio Digestion/Excretion
Terms
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- nutrients
- usable foods
- wastes
- unusable foods
- ingestion
- taking food into the body
- digestion
- the process that changes food into a form that can be used by your body cells
- intracellular digestion
- inside the cell
- extracellular digestion
- outside the cell
- mechnical digestion
- food is physically broken down into small pieces--increases surface area and improves enzyme action
- chemical digestion
- complex food molecules are chemically changed into simpler molecules
- digestive enzymes
- help break down foods chemically
- Enzymatic hydrolysis breakdown of carbohydrates
- simple sugar
- breakdown of lipids
- fatty acid and glycerol
- proteins
- amino acids
- alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract
- tube of the digestive system that begins in the mouth and ends with the anus--as food passes through, special areas of the tube mechanically and chemically change food
- peristalsis
- slow, rhythmic, muscular contractions that move food in one direction through the alimentary canal
- where are the nutrients passed to after chemical digestion?
- to all the cells in the body
- oral cavity
- the mouth
- salivary glands
- located in the oral cavity and secrety saliva
- what kind of digestion happens in the mouth?
- chemical AND mechanical
- saliva
- has mucus that moistens food making it easier to swallow and also contains the enzyme ptyalin
- ptyalin
- starts the chemical digestion of starches
- taste buds
- little groups of cells located in the tongue and roof of the mouth
- 4 kinds of taste buds
- sweet, sour, bitter, and salty
- incisors and canines
- teeth for cutting and tearing
- premolars and molars
- crushing and grinding
- esophagus/gullet
-
tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalis
-no chemical digestion begins in the esophagus-chemical action of saliva continues until food reaches the stomach
-esophagus produces mucus - mucus
- lubricates (moistens) food so that it slides down the esophagus more easily
- stomach
- muscular, J-shaped organ
- how does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach
- when stomach muscles turn and mash food
- chyme
- when food becomes a thick, soupy mixture
- chemical digestion in the stomach
- glands in the stomach lining secrete gastric juice and hydrochloric acid
- pepsin
- an enzyme in gastric juice that begins the chemical digestion of protein.
- rennin
- an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of milk protein
- hydrocholoric acid
- destroys bacteria normally present in food and provides the proper pH for enzyme action
- small intestine
- where partly digested food goes from the stomach; here, food digestion is completed and digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
- where does most chemical digestion take place?
- in the small intestine, not the stomach
- bile
- made by the liver; prepares fats and oils for enzyme digestion by breaking them down into smaller pieces
- how bile is helpful
- It increases the surface area of fat particles, thereby speeding up fat digestion by enzymes caled lipases
- detergent effect
- action of bile
- gall bladder
- where bile is stored
- bile duct
- how bile enters the small intestine
- villi
- tiny finger-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine for the absorption of the end products of digestion.
- How are the end products absobred by the villi of the small intestines?
- the process of diffusion
- large intestine/colon
- where undigested foods (wastes) pass from the small intestine
- what happens inside the large intestine?
- water, some vitamins, and minerals are absorbed into the blood steam.
- Feces
- Remaining undigested foods after the other wastes are absorbed into the blood stream
- rectum
- the lower end of the large intestine where the feces are stored
- anus
- where feces are eliminated from the body
- egestion
- indigestible food is eliminated from the body
- why are certain foods not digestible?
-
1) specific enzymes are not present
2) not the best hydrolysis condtions between the food and the enzyme - end products
-
final compounds formed by digestion
-small and checmically simple so that they can be absorbed and used by the body's cells - what are produced from the complete digestion of fats and oils
- simple sugars and fatty acids
- what are the result of protein digestion
- amino acids
- where do the end products go?
-
simple sugars and amino acids pass into blood capilarries
-fatty acids and glycerol go into the lymph system - ulcer
-
open, painful sore in the stomach lining because there is not enough mucus, secreted by cells lining the stomach and helps to protest the stomach lining from hydrocholoric acid, or there is too much acid
-can bleed and sometimes eat through the stomach wall
-can be tretely with diet and medication - tooth decay
- causes by mouth bacteria
- appendicitis
- an infection of the appendix--treatment=removal of the appendix b/c if its not removed it can burst and infect the surrounding membranes and organs possibly leading to death
- appendix
- SMALL FINGER LIKE PROJECTION LOCated near the beginning of the large intestine--has no known function in humans
- diarrhea
- condition when the feces do not remain in the large intestine long enoguh for the water to be abosrbed--can causes dehydration
- constipation
- a condition where the feces remain in the colon too long--causes by too little biger or water in the diet
- excretion
- the removal of wastes of cell activities from the body
- Difference between wastes of excretion and egestion
-
excretion-liquids and gases
egestion-solids - metabolic wastes
- wastes produced by life activities (metabolism)
- examples of metabolic wastes and how they are produced
-
-carbon dioxide-formed during aerobic respiration
-water-aerobic respiration and other cell activities
-urea-nitrogen waste from breakdown of amino acids produced during protein synthesis
-mineral salts-breakdown of various compounds in the cell - what is the role of blood in excretion?
- wastes of excretion leave body cells and are secreted into intercellular fluid. wastes pass from intercellular fluid into the blood plasma by diffusion. The blood plasma transports these excretions to excretory organs that remove them from the body.
- excretory system
- removes cellular wastes from the body, whivh helps maintain a proper balance of body chemicals.
- Organs of excretory system
- skin, lungs, urinary system, and liver
- epidermis
- outer layer of skin
- dermis
- inner layer of skin
- sweat glands
- excrete perspirtation through skin pores
- perspiration
- made up of nitrogenous wastes (urea), salts, and water.
- how does the skin control body temperature?
- when perspiration evaporates from the skin, heat is absorbed from skin cells. This absorption of heat lowers body temperature, which results in cooling the body.
- lungs role in excretion
- excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor by diffusion and exhalation
- urinary system
- contains kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
- kidneys
- bean-shaped organs that lie along the back wall of the abdomen. It acts as filters in the removal of urea, and excess water and salts from the blood. Besides wastes, useful substances diffuse out of the flood into the kidney. Also, useful substances are returned to the blood before the blood leaves the kidney
- nephrons
- masses of microscopic subunits that make up each kidney
- urine
- excretions made of urea and water sent by the kidney
- ureter
- tube that sends urine to the urinary bladder
- urinary bladder
- sac-like, where urine is stored temporarily
- urethra
- through which urine leaves the body
- largest internal organ in the body
- liver
- liver functions
-
1) produces urea, nitrogenous waste, by breaking down excess amino acids
2) removes poisions, such as alcohol, from the blood
3) stores extra sugar in the form of animal starch (glycogen)
4) changes glycogen into glucose and secretes it back into the bloodstream when the body needs energy - kidney stone
- collection of solid material that may block the kidneys, ureters, or bladder
- gout
- disease associated with the production and deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Produces symptoms similar to arthritis
- uremia
- urea and other wastes are not filtered out of the flood. The body cells become poisoned and there is urine in the blood
- blackheads and acne
- clogging of skin pores
- cirrhosis of the liver
- disease caused by damade to cells. Leads to type of high blood pressure. Most common cause is alcohol-Hepatitis, inflamation of the liver, can also lead to this disease. Discovered by routine medical examinations or lood tests. Later symptoms are yellow skin, fluid collection in tissues, mental confusion, and vomitting blood. Treated by eliminating alcoholic beverages or liver transplant
- deamination
- the chemical breakdown of amino acids
- bowman's capsule
- part of the kidney where many soluble blood components (such as water, salts, urea, and soluble nutrients) are absorbed from the blood by diffusion
- glomerulus
- capillary network in the kidney that are branched off off two arteries that carry blood to the kidney for filtering