Neurologic System (Misty)
Terms
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- List the 12 cranial nerves, in order:
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I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Auditory
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal - What is/are the major function(s) of the Olfactory nerve?
- Smell
- What is/are the major function(s) of the Optic nerve?
- Vision
- What is/are the major function(s) of the Trochlear nerve?
-
Innervates superior oblique;
Turns eye downward and laterally - What is/are the major function(s) of the Trigeminal nerve?
-
Chewing;
Pain & touch sensations for the face and mouth - What is/are the major function(s) of the Abducens nerve?
- Turns eye laterally
- What is/are the major function(s) of the Facial nerve?
-
Controls most facial expressions;
Controls secretion of tears/saliva;
Taste sensation - What is/are the major function(s) of the Auditory nerve?
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Hearing;
Equilibrium sensation - What is/are the major function(s) of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
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Taste sensation;
Senses carotid blood pressure - What is/are the major function(s) of the Vagus nerve?
-
Senses aortic blood pressure;
Slows heart rate;
Stimulates digestive organs;
Taste sensation - What is/are the major function(s) of the Accessory nerve?
-
Controls traezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles;
Controls swallowing movements - What is/are the major function(s) of the Hypoglossal nerve?
- Controls tongue movements
- What is/are the major function(s) of the Oculomotor nerve?
- Eyelid & eyeball movement
- What is another name for the Auditory nerve?
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- List the factors that affect nerve transmission:
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* Distance
* Lack of oxygen
* Effects of hypnotics
* Anesthetics
* pH of extra-cellular fluid
* Alkalosis
* Certain drugs - How does acidosis of the extra-cellular fluid affect nerve transmission?
- Acidosis depresses nerve activity
- How does alkalosis affect nerve transmission?
- Alkalosis excites nerve cells
- List drugs that can increase nerve activity:
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* Caffeine
* Theophylline
* Theobromine - Where is Theophylline commonly found?
- In tea and asthma drugs
- Where is Theobromine commonly found?
- In cocoa
- What is the major function of the peripheral nervous system?
- Carries information to and from the CNS
- List the structures that protect the brain and spinal cord:
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* Skull
* Vertebrae
* Meninges
* CSF - What produces/drains the CSF?
- The meninges
- What circulates in and around the brain to function as a shock absorber?
- CSF
- Which arteries make up the brain's arterial blood supply?
-
* Internal carotids
* Vertebral artery
* Basilar artery - Which veins make up the brain's venous blood supply?
- The jugular veins
- What are the major functions of the medulla?
-
* Regulating blood pressure
* Breathing
* Relaying information from the sense organs - What are the major functions of the Pons?
-
* Relaying movement and position information from the cerebellum to the cortex
* Also involved in breathing, taste and sleep - What are the major functions of the midbrain?
- * Links the various sections of the brain involved in motor functions, eye movements, & auditory control
- What is the substantia nigra?
- A portion of the midbrain that is involved in voluntary movements
- When the substantia nigra does not function, what is the result?
- The "tremored" movements of Parkinson's disease
- What are the major functions of the thalamus?
-
*Relays incoming sensory pathways to appropriate areas of the cortex
*Determines which sensory information actually reaches consciousness
*Participates in motor-information exchange between the cerebellum, basal ganglia & cortex - What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?
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*Controls hormonal secretions from the pituitary
*Also involved in almost all aspects of behavior, including biological clock (circadian rhythms) - What are the major functions of the frontal lobe?
-
*Voluntary skeletal movement
*Repetitive movement - What is the major function of the parietal lobe?
- Processes sensory data
- What is the major function of the occipital lobe?
- Interprets visual data
- What are the major functions of the temporal lobe?
-
*Perception/interpretation of sounds
*Integration of taste/smell/balance - What is the major function of the limbic system?
- Mediates behavior patterns for survival
- What are the major functions of the cerebellum?
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*Aids in integration of voluntary movement
*Processes sensory information
*Uses sensory data for reflex control (muscle tone, equilibrium, posture) - What are the major functions of the basal ganglia?
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*Extrapyramidal pathway
*Processing station between notor cortex/upper brainstem
*Gross intentional movement without conscious thought - List the parts of the brainstem:
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*Medulla oblongata
*Midbrain
*Pons
*Diencephalon - What are the major functions of the brainstem?
-
*Pathway between cerebral cortex and spinal cord
*Controls many involuntary movements - What are the major functions of the 12 cranial nerves?
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*Motor
*Sensory
*Parasympathetic - When does major brain growth and myelinization occur?
- In the first year of life
- What reflexes are normally present in the newborn?
- Primitive reflexes
- Brain growth continues until what age?
- 12-15 years
- What hormonal changes take place in a pregnant woman with regards to the neurologic system?
- Hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormonal changes
- What are the common effects of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormonal changes in a pregnant woman?
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*Headaches
*Numbness/tingling of hands
*No rest after sleep
*Inability to sleep - List the common neurologic changes experienced by an older adult:
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*Changes are physiologic rather than anatomic
*Cerebral neurons decrease
*Velocity of nerve impulse conduction declines - What takes place as a result of the decline in velocity of nerve impulse conduction in older adults?
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*Slowed response time
*Diminished touch/pain perception - What equipment will you use for a neurological assessment?
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*Penlight
*Tongue blades
*Sterile needles
*Tuning forks
*Familiar objects
*Cotton wisp
*Monofilament
*Reflex hammer
*Vials of aromatic substances
*Vials of solutions
*Test tubes of hot/cold water
*Denver II