anatomytest 3 continued
Terms
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- systole
- the period of time during which the heart is contracting.The time when the walls of the ventricles are contracting and the chambers are emptying of blood. syus
- systolic blood pressure
- measure of pressure while its contracting
- diastole
- when walls of chambers of ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.
- diastolic blood pressure
- pressure of blood while its still.
- starlings heart law
- helps to describe the heart as having built in adjusting mechanism.
- volume on venous return
- blood returning to right atrium. Whenever more active venous return increases.
- ventricular stretch
- increased when active and venous return increased
- cardiac output
- measure of blood ejected from heart. about 5-5.5 liters. measure to efficiency of pump.
- where are decisions regarding heart function made?
- brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata)
- sympathetic (adrenergic) stimulation of the heart
-
-ACTIVE
-helps to adjust cardiac function
-typically release norepinepherine which has impact on the workings of the ventricles - sympathetic responses
-
1. increased heart rate (positive chonotropic time)
2. increased strength of contraction (positive inotropic effect)
3. decreased AV node delay/a faster conduction time
4. increase in vasculation of coronary arteries/ skeletal muscle/live/adipose
5. increased vasoconstriction of digestive visceral kidneys/skin. - parasympathetic(cholinergic) stimulation
- typically release acetylcholine which has impact on the workings of SA/AV node.
- parasympathetic responses
-
1. decreased heart rate (negative chonotropic effect)
2. decreased stength of contraction (negative inotropic effect).
3. increased Av node delay/slower conduction time - pulmonary ventilation
- moving air into/out of lungs
- external respiration
-
-takes places deep w/i the lungs
-between air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the blood vessels that surround them (capillaries).
-the first place we see an exchange of gases - internal respiration
- the exchange of gases b/w capillaries and our cells that they surround
- celllar respiration
-
-the reason we breathe
-takes place in the mitochondria
-internal/external resp is what makes sure that cellular resp has its oxygen
-most things occuring here are aerobic respiration - conducting zone
- any parts of respiratory system that conduct air. INCLUDE: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- respiratory zone
-
-NO SMOKING ZONE
- those features where u do see an exchange of gas
-INCLUDE: bronchioles, alveoli - order which air flows in
-
1. nose
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. lungs - nose
- breathing in through the nose allows for moistening of air, warms air, filters air, contribution to speech, and smell
- pharynx
- makes up throat, its a tubular structure subdivided into nasopharynx (part behind nose), oropharynx (part behind mouth), laryngopharynx (behind larynx)
- larynx
- part of respiratory system that deals w/ vocals. held into position by hyoid bone and wallas are made of thyroid cartilage (adams apple) and crycoid cartilage.
- vocal folds
- vibration mechanisms in the larynx
- GLOTTIS
- formal opening to airway
- epiglottis
- elastic cartilage about glottis prevents materials from getting into airway.
- trachea
- our windpipe, tubes provide for ventilation. lining of internal surface of walls in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. walls are maintained by c-shaped ring (hyaline cartilage) the esophogus fits into
- bronchi
- divided into primary (serves lungs), secondary (lobar) serves each lobe of the lung, and tertiary (segmental) serve the segments of the lobes of the lungs
- bronchioles
-
small bronchi, tiny tubes or airways.
-terminal the last part of conducting zone, conducting takes place here
-respiratory provide for both conduction/respiration - lungs
- major organs of respiratory system when gas exchange takes place. the lungs are divided into lobes 2 on the left and 3 on the right.
- bronchopulmonary segments
- compartments that lobes of the lungs are divided into which are separated from one another by walls of connective tissue septa. this allows for better expansion or elasticity
- visceral pleura
- serous membrane covering surface of each lung
- parietal pleura
- serous membrane in lining of walls of lungs
- pleural (serous) fluid
- helps to lubricate surfaces and allow for movememnt
- pumlonary arteries
- moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs, then branch to form a netowkr of arterioles and then to form cappillaries which is where all exchanges of gas takes place. eventually blood returns to the heart by way of the venules.
- medullary respiratory center
- the decision making area allowing to take next breath on/off switch. under control of medulla oblangata
- pneumotaxis respiratory center and apneustic respiratory center
- helps to shorten period of time for inspiration. under control of the pons
- functions of pulmonary ventilation
-
1. increase % of blood oxygen
2. decrease % of blood carbon dioxide
3. thermoregulation
4. maintain water balance - inspiration (inhalation)
-
1. diaphram is under control of phrenic nerve and regulated contractions while external intercostal muscles are under control of intercostal nerves.
2. larger thoracic cavity increae volume
3. decrease alveolar air pressure (intrapulmonic air pressure)
4. inflow of air
5. lungs inflat eand expand - expiration (exhalation)
-
1. recoil of elastic tissues of thorax (elasticity)
2. relaxation of inspiratory muscle
3. smaller thorax cavity DECREASE VOLUME
4. INCREASES alveolar (intrapulmonic) air PRESSURE
5. air flows out from high pressure to low pressure. - respiratory reserve volume
-
-3100 ml
-volume air you can ihale above and beyond normal tidal volume - tidal volume
-
-500 ml
-the amt of air that can be forced out of thelungs at the end of maximal inspiration - expiratory reserve volume
-
-1200 ml
-The amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration. - residual volume
-
-1200 ml
-the amt of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation - vital capacity
-
-4800 ml
-IRV + TV + ERV - TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
-
-6000 ML
-GRAND TOTAL - P-WAVE OF EKG
- DEPOLARIZATION OF THE ATRIA
- QRS COMPLEX OF EKG
- VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
- T-WAVE OF EKG
- UNIT OF FREQUENCY EQUAL TO 1 CYCLE PER SECOND
- P-R INTERVAL OF EKG
-
NORMALLY .12-.20 SECONDS DURATION
- The time elapsing between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram; it corresponds to the atriocarotid interval of the venous pulse.