U.S. History Ch. 24
Terms
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- Plessy vs. Ferguson
- 1896; established separate-but-equal
- Jim Crow Laws
- segregated buses and trains, schools, restaurants, swimming pools, parks, and other public facilities
- de facto segregation
- segregation by choice by custom and tradition.
- NAACP
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- What did the NAACP do?
- Fought and defended cases involving civil rights for African Americans.
- Norris vs. Alabama
- Exclusion of African Americans from juries violates their right to equal protection under the law
- Morgan vs. Virginia
- segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional
- Sweatt vs. Painter
- state law schools have to admit qualified African American applicants, even if parallel black law schools existed
- How did African Americans gain power during the 1930s?
- They migrated north, where politicians listened to them because they wanted their votes
- James Farmer
- founded the Congress of Racial Equality
- George House
- founded the Congress of Racial Equality
- CORE
- Congress of Racial Equality, successfully integrated many public facilities with sit-ins
- Thurgood Marshall
- leader of the Legal Defense and Education Fund of the NAACP who defended Linda Brown
- Harry F. Byrd
- Senator from Virginia who called on Southerners to adopt "massive resistance" against the Brown vs. Board ruling
- Southern Manifesto
- signed in 1956, a group of 101 Southern Congressmen denounced the Brown vs. Board ruling and pledged to reverse it
- How did the Southern Manifesto affect citizens
- it encouraged white Southerners to defy the Supreme Court
- Jo Ann Robinson
- head of the Women's Political Council who called on African Americans to boycott Montgomery's buses on the day of Rosa Parks' trial
- Who led the Montgomery Improvement Association
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Montgomery Improvement Association
- formed to run the Montgomery bus boycott and to negotiate white city leaders for an end to segregation
- From whom did Martin Luther King draw his philosophy
- Mohandas Gandhi and Jesus
- How did the Rosa Parks case end
- the Supreme Court affirmed the decision declaring Alabama's laws requiring segregation on buses to be unconstitutional
- SCLC
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference, tried to eliminate segregation from American society and to encourage African Americans to register to vote
- Who was the SCLC's first president?
- Martin Luther King
- What did Eisenhower think about segregation?
- He disagreed, and sympathized with the civil rights movement
- Orval Faubus
- Governor of Arkansas in 1957 who, trying to gain support for reelection, ordered troops from the National Guard to prevent nine American American students from entering a white school.
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
- What were the effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1957?
- created a civil rights division within the Department of Justice, and gave it the authority to seek court injunction s against anyone interfering with the right to vote
- Sit-ins
- a form of protest where if people are denied service, they sit down and refuse to leave
- Massive resistance
- the Southern people's response to integration of public schools
- Crisis in Little Rock
- the Arkansas governor ordered the National Guard to prevent African American students from entering a school
- Freedon Riders
- a group of people who traveled into the south in 1961 to protest the Southerners' segregation of buses
- Filibuster
- occurs when a group of senators begin to speak in order to stop the bill from being voted on
- Cloture
- a motion which cuts off debate and forces a vote
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- a comprehensive civil rights law which gave the government power to prevent racial segregation
- Poll Tax
- fees paid in order to be able to vote
- Voters Registration
- the process of registering with the government in order to be able to vote
- Selma March
- Martin Luther King, Jr. led a march to force the whites to let the blacks vote in Selma, Alabama vote
- SNCC
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the civil rights organization established by students
- March on Washington, D.C.
- Dr. king led a rally at the Capitol to gain support for a civil rights bill
- Voting Rights Act 1965
- authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters
- Black Panthers
- the organization which considered themselves heirs of Malcom X
- Nation of Islam
- the organization of Black Muslims
- Black Power
- a term that meant self-defense of one's freedom
- Watts Riot
- a race riot which broke out in Waats after Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
- Kerner Commission
- conducted a detailed study of the race riot problem
- Jesse Jackson
- a student leader who decided to push for desegregation
- Ella Baker
- brought together the SNCC after being executive director of the SCLC
- John Lewis
- one of the first leaders of the SNCC, and later became a member of Congress
- "Bull" Connor
- head of police of Birmingham who ordered the KKK to kill the Freedom Riders
- Governor George Wallace
- governor of Alabama who was an advocate of segregation
- Mayor Richard Daley
- the mayor of Chicago who ordered the Chicago police to protect protesters led by Martin Luther King
- Stokely Carmichael
- leader of the SNCC in 1966 who said that African Americans should control the social, political, and economic direction of the struggle
- Malcolm X
- became a symbol of black power in the 1960s
- Eldridge Cleaver
- minister of culture who wrote Soul on Ice, which articulated the principles of the Black Panthers
- Ralph Abernathy
- Reverend who served as a trusted assistant to Martin Luther King, and later led the Poor People's campaign
- Why did Ella Baker think that students should start the SNCC?
- they had a right to direct their own affairs and even make their own mistakes
- Voter Education Project
- the SNCC's project of sending volunteers in the sould to register African Americans to vote
- Robert Moses
- started the Voter Education Project
- Fannie Lou Hamer
- evicted from her farm after registering to vote, and arrested later to urging other African Americas to vote
- Mississippi Freedom Democratic National Convention
- founded by Fannie Lou Hamer, challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the National Convention of 1964
- Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
- created by Kennedy to stop federal discrimination against African Americans when hiring and promoting
- What led to the end of segregation in interstate travel?
- The pressure of CORE (Freedom Riders), Kennedy tightening regulations against segregated bus terminals (ICC), and the Justice Department (Robert Kennedy)
- James Meredith
- An African American war veteran who was denied admission to University of Mississippi. When he pressed to get admitted, a riot occured
- A. Phillip Randolph
- suggested the March on Washington to build support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- EEOC
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters
- Bloody Sunday
- the term given to the attack of the African American protesters by the police in Selma, Alabama
- After 1965 the Civil Rights movement began to shift its focus from where to where?
- From voting and political issues to achieving full social and economic equality for African Americans
- What was the Waats riot in response to?
- Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act
- Which organization did Johnson appoint to study the causes of urban riots?
- National Advisory Commission
- Chicago Movement
- Dr. King and the SCLC tried to work with local leaders to improve the economic status of African Americans in Chicago's poor neighborhoods
- Why did many people begin to turn away from King after 1965?
- His failure in the Chicago Movement made many think that nonviolent protesting does not work
- Cultural Assimilation
- the process by which minority groups adapt to the dominant culture in a society
- What affect did prison have on Malcolm X
- He began to educate himself
- Elijah Muhammad
- leader of the Nation of Islam
- How did the Black Muslims differ in beliefs from the African Americans?
- The black muslims believed that blacks should separate themselves from the whites and form their own governments
- What did the X symbolize in Malcolm X?
- The name of his African ancestors who had been enslaved, as his true family name had been stolen from him by slavery
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Outlawed discrimination in housing sales and rentals
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African American leaders founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to __________.
A) eliminate segregation and win voting rights for African Americans
B) challenge segregation of public schools and public tra - D) fight segregation and encourage African Americans to vote
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How did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 change the way that the federal government enforced civil rights?
A) It created federal offices to take legal action against anyone interfering with the right to vote.
B) It gave the st - A) It created federal offices to take legal action against anyone interfering with the right to vote.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 impacted civil rights in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________.
A) it gave the attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school desegregation
B) it required private employ - C) it authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters
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To pressure the president and Congress to act on new voting rights legislation, civil rights leaders organized __________.
A) a march on Washington
B) a march in Selma, Alabama
C) demonstrations in - B) a march in Selma, Alabama
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Why did Malcolm X break with the Black Muslims by 1964?
A) He thought the Black Muslims did not move fast enough toward African American self-government.
B) He disagreed with the leadership.
C) He w - D) After seeing Muslims from many different races worshipping together in Makkah, he concluded that an integrated society was possible.