oceanography 2
Terms
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- Ocean Life
- ⬢ Organism Classification ⬢ Algae and Plants
- Domains of Life
- - Bacteria -Eukaryota -Archaea
- Microbes⬐ archaea and bacteria
- • Microbes are single cells without nuclei • Can only eat dissolved compounds • Small, about 1 μm, high relative surface area • Are the chemical factories of life • Species can get energy from – Photosynthesis – Oxidation (burning of dissolved organics) – Oxidation of sulfide – Oxidation of ammonia
- Archae
- • Archaea don't look that different Archae from most bacteria under the microscope; • since most of them are extremely difficult to culture, their unique place among living organisms long went unrecognized. • Identified as distinct when started to sequence DNA and RNA • biochemically and genetically, they are as different from bacteria as you are. • Tend to be found in extreme environments – High T – High pressure
- 16S Ribosomal RNA
- All living cells have ribosomes. ⬢ Comparative sequence analysis of 16S RNA molecules has elucidated that life on Earth is of 3 primary lineages ⬢ The more different the RNA, the longer the species have had to diverge
- Bacteria
- ⬢ When most people think of bacteria, they think of diseasecausing organisms, like the Streptococcus to the right. While pathogenic bacteria cause diseases ⬐⬐ cholera, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea⬐⬐ they are only a tiny fraction of the bacteria as a whole.
- Eukaryota
- • The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with – All – Animals – Plants (but not all photosynthesizing organisms. – Fungi – Protists
- Division by Kingdom old story based on physical characteristics
- ⬢ Monera ⬢ Protista ⬢ Mycota ⬢ Plantae ⬢ Animalia
- Monera
- • Lump together the Archaea and Bacteria • Type of cells: Prokaryotic – NO nucleus – NO organelles • Cellular organization: Unicellular/Colonial • Type of reproduction: Asexual by binary fission • Food production: Autotrophic and heterotrophic by absorption (only molecules)
- Protista
- • Type of cells: Eukaryotic • Cellular organization: Unicellular/Colonial • Type of reproduction: Asexual by mitosis • Food production: Autotrophic and heterotrophic by absorption • Examples: – Amoeba – Dinoflagellates
- Mycota
- ⬢ Type of cells: Eukaryotic ⬢ Cellular organization: Multicellular ⬢ Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual ⬢ Food production: Heterotrophic by absorption
- Plantae
- ⬢ Type of cells: Eukaryotic ⬢ Cellular organization: Multicellular ⬢ Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual ⬢ Food production: Autotrophic by photosynthesis
- Animalia
- ⬢ Type of cells: Eukaryotic ⬢ Cellular organization: Multicellular ⬢ Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual ⬢ Food production: Heterotrophic by ingestion ⬢ Organisms: Invertebrates and Vertebrates
- Linnaean Taxonomy: breaking down even finer
- ⬢ Linnaean taxonomy is a formal system for classifying and naming all living things based on a simple hierarchical structure. ⬢ Each successive level of nesting contains ever more similar, and more closely related, organisms.
- Hierarchical Structure
- Kingdom/Domains ⬢ Phylum ⬢ Class ⬢ Order ⬢ Family ⬢ Genus ⬢ Species
- Linnaean Taxonomy
- ⬢ A Kingdom, the highest level includes a vast array of only vaguely similar, distantly related forms. ⬢ On the other hand, the next to the lowest level, the genus, usually includes only forms that are almost the same ⬢ Classification based on observable characteristics⬐ enter DNA
- Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
- ⬢ Largest member of marine community attached to bottom ⬢ Light brown to black ⬢ Brown algae are found in temperate⬐ and coldwaters ⬢ Bull kelp can grow in waters deeper than 30 m
- Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
- ⬢ Most common in fresh water ⬢ Intertidal, or found in shallow water ⬢ Moderate in size
- Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
- ⬢ Most abundant marine macroalgae ⬢ Found from intertidal to inner sublittoral zone ⬢ Many are attached to bottom ⬢ Color is a function of light availability ⬢ Source of agar
- Diatoms
- ⬢ Cells are contained in a shell or frustule of opaline silica ⬢ Accumulate on ocean bottom as silicious sediments ⬢ Reproduction is by simple cell division
- Coccolithophores
- ⬢ Flagellum bearing organisms ⬢ Covered by small calcareous plates or coccoliths ⬢ Contribute to calcareous deposits throughout the oceans
- Dinoflagellates
- ⬢ Possess flagella for locomotion ⬢ Many do not have protective covering ⬢ Protective covering are made up of cellulose and, therefore, are not as resistant to degradation ⬢ Many species are luminescent ⬢ Some species eat other cells, may not photosynthesize
- HABs
- ⬢ A harmful algal bloom (HAB), also known as a red tide, is the proliferation of toxic nuisance algae that cause a negative impact to natural resources or humans. Currently 85 toxic microalgal species have been documented; of these, 37 live in Gulf of Mexico waters.