Apollo study guide chp 3
Terms
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- oss/e, oss/i, oste/o,ost/o
- Bones
- myel/o
- bone marrow or spinal cord
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- arthr/o
- joints
- ligament/o
- ligaments
- synovi/o, synov/o
- synovial membrane (forms lining of synovial joints & secretes synovial fluid)
- burs/o
- bursa (cushions join areas subject to friction during movement)
- periosteum
- tough fiberous tissue forming outermost layer of bones
- compact bone
- hard,dense outer bone layer
- spongy bone
- lighter and not as strong as hard bone,found in ends and inner portions of large bones like the femur
- medullary cavity
- located in the shaft of long bones surrounded by compact bone and contains yellow bone marrow
- endosteum
- tissue lining of the medullary cavity
- diaphysis
- shaft of a long bone
- epiphysis
- wide end of a long bone covered by articular cartilage
- proximal epiphysis
- end of bone located nearest to the midline of the body
- distal epiphysis
- end of bone farthest from midline
- foramen
- opening in a bone where blood vessels,nerves,& ligaments pass thru
- process
- a normal projection on a bone that serves as an attachment point for muscles and tendons
- symphysis(p. symphyses)
- two bones join together and function as one bone
- axial skeleton
- contains 80 bones and consists of the skull,spinal column,ribs,& sternum
- appendicular skeleton
- contains 126 bones and makes movement possible & protects the organs of digestion,excretion,& reproduction
- app skeleton(upper extremeties)
- bones of the shoulders,arms,forearms,wrists,& hands
- app skeleton(lower extremeties)
- bones of the hips,thighs,legs, ankles,& feet
- cranium
- portion of the skull that encloses the brain
- cranium(frontal bone)
- forms the forehead
- cranium(parietal bones)
- forms the roof and upper sides
- cranium(occipital bone)
- forms posterior floor and walls
- cranium(foramen magnum)
- point where spine chord passes thru in the skull
- cranium(temporal bones)
- form the sides and base
- thoracic cavity(rib cage)
- formed by the ribs,sternum,& thoracic vertebrae
- ribs(costals)
- 12 pairs
- ribs(true)
- first 7 pairs that attach anteriorly to sternum
- ribs(false)
- 3 pairs that attach anteriorly to cartilage that joins with sternum
- ribs(floating)
- 2 pairs that do not attach anteriorly
- sternum(breast bone)
- forms the medial anterior portion of the rib cage
- sternum(manubrium)
- superior bone of the sternum
- sternum(body)
- forms the middle portion of the sternum
- sternum(xiphoid process)
- cartilage that forms the inferior part of the sternum
- shoulders(pectoral or shoulder girdle)
- bones that support the arms & hands
- clavicle(collar bone)
- bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
- scapula
- bone known as the shoulder blade
- acromion
- extension of the scapula that forms highest point of the shoulder
- humerus
- long bone of the upper arm
- radius
- smaller bone in the forearm that runs along the thumb side
- ulna
- larger bone of the forearm that connects to the humerus and forms the elbow joint
- olecranon process(funny bone)
- the large projection at the proximal end of the ulna
- carpals
- 16 bones that form the wrists
- metacarpals
- 10 bones that form the palms of the hands
- phalanges(s. phalanx)
- 28 bones that make the fingers or toes. comprised of proximal,medial,& distal for the fingers. the thumb & large toe has only a proximal & distal portion
- cervical vertebrae
- first 7 vertebrae that form the neck also known as c1-c7
- thoracic vertebrae
- 12 vertebrae that form the outward curve of the spine also known as t1-t12
- lumbar vertebrae
- 5 vertebrae that form the inward curve of the lower spine also known as L1-L5
- sacrum
- slightly curved triangular shaped bone at inferior end of spine
- coccyx(tailbone)
- forms the end of the spine and is made of 4 bones fused together
- pelvic girdle(pelvis or hips)
- protects internal organs and supports the lower extremeties
- ilium
- broad blade-shaped bone that forms forms the back and sides of the pubic bone. Hint-spelled with a I like hIp
- sacroiliac
- slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
- ischium
- the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone. bears the weight of the body while sitting
- pubis
- anterior portion of the pubic bone just below the bladder
- pubic symphysis
- cartilaginous joint formed at the anterior midline of pelvis that holds the pubic bones firmly together
- acetabulum(hip socket)
- large circular cavity that joins with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
- femur(thigh bone)
- largest bone in the body. the head articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
- femoral neck
- narrow area of bone below the head of the femur
- knees
- the joints that allows movement of the upper and lower leg
- patella
- bony anterior portion of the knee cap
- popliteal
- anterior surface of the knee & describes the space,ligaments,vessels & muscles of the area
- anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)
- anterior ligament that makes knee movement possible
- posterior cruciate ligament(PCL)
- posterior ligament that makes knee movement possible
- tibia(shinbone)
- larger weight bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg
- fibula
- smaller posterior bone in the lower leg
- ankle(malleolus p. malleoli)
- rounded bony projection on each side of the ankle
- ankle(talus)
- ankle bone that articulates with tibia & fibula
- ankle(calcaneus or heel bone)
- largest of the tarsals
- ankle
- made up of 5 tarsal bones
- metatarsals
- 5 bones that the toes are attached to
- chiropractor
- specialist of manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
- orthopedic surgeon(orthopedist)
- specializes in treatment of diseases and disorders of the bones,joints,& muscles
- osteopathic physician
- holds a doctorate in Osteopathy & uses traditional forms of medicine in addition to spinal manipulation
- podiatrist
- specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the foot
- rheumatologist
- diagnoses and treats rheumatic diseases characterized by inflammation of connective tissues
- arthralgia
- joint pain
- arthrosclerosis
- stiffness of the joints esp. in the elderly
- bursitis
- inflammation of the bursa
- chondromalacia
- abnormal softening of cartilage
- dislocation(luxation)
- total displacement of bone from its joint
- subluxation
- partial displacement of the bone from its joint
- arthritis
- inflammation of the joint(s) that take many forms
- osteoarthritis(wear-&-tear arthritits)
- degenerative joint disease that is associated with aging.
- spondylolisthesis
- slipping forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra on the vertebra below it, or on the sacrum
- spondylosis
- any degenerative disorder that may cause loss of normal spinal structure or function
- kyphosis(humpback or dowager\'s hump)
- abnormal outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed laterally
- lordosis(swayback)
- abnormal forward curvature of the lumbar spine
- scoliosis
- abnormal lateral (sideways)curvature of the spine
- ostealgia(ostalgia or osteodynia)
- pain in a bone
- osteitis(ostitis)
- inflammation of bone
- osteomalacia(adult rickets)
- abnormal softening of bone often caused by deficiency of vitamin D,calcium,or phosphate
- osteomyelitis
- inflammation of bone marrow & adjacent bone
- osteonecrosis
- destruction & death of bone caused by insufficient blood supply,infection,malignancy,or trauma
- paget\'s disease(osteitis deformans)
- disease of unknown origin that causes extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair. bones become deformed,weaker,& may bend & break as the disease progresses
- rickets
- occurs in children and involves softening and weakening of bones
- talipes(clubfoot)
- congenital deformity where the foot is turned inward or outward. so named because it involves the talus bone
- myeloma
- malignant tumor of the blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow
- osteochondroma(exostosis)
- benign bony growth of bone capped by cartilage that projects from the surface of the affected bone
- osteoporosis
- marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging
- osteopenia
- thinner than average bone density in a young person. they may have higher risk of getting osteoporosis
- vertebral crush fractures(compression fractures of the spine or dowager\'s hump)
- caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae
- colle\'s fracture(fractured wrist)
- occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to break a fall
- closed fracture(simple or complete fracture)
- the bone is broken but no open wound in the skin
- open fracture(compound fracture)
- the bone is broken & there is an open wound in the skin as a result
- comminuted fracture
- when the bone is splintered or crushed
- greenstick fracture(incomplete fracture)
- bone is bent or partially broken. occurs primarily in children
- total knee replacement(total knee arthroplasty)
- all the parts of the knee a replaced
- total hip replacement(total hip arthroplasty
- consists of a metal shaft with a metal ball at the end & a plastic lined cup. the shaft is inserted into the femur and the cup replaces the acetabulum within the hipbone
- external fixation
- a fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed thru soft tissues and bone so an external appliance is used to hold the bones in place while healing
- internal fixation(ORIF-open reduction internal fixation)
- fracture treatment where pins or plates are placed directly into the bones to hold broken pieced in place. this form is usually not removed once the bone is healed.