Chapter 1 Biology McGraw Hill (TAMS)
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Cell Organization
- All organisms consist of 1 or more cells.
- Order
- From molecules to cells, all are highly organized from simple to complex.
- Sensitivity
- All organisms sense and respond to changes in the environment.
- Growth, development, reproduction
- All organisms grow and pass hereditary molecules to offspring.
- Energy Utilization
- Energy is used for growth and maintenance.
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Organisms interact with other organisms and changing environments.
- Homeostasis
- relatively constant internal conditions are maintained
- Cellular Level
-
-molecule
-organelles
-cells - Organismal Level
-
-tissues
-organs
-organ system - Populational Level
-
-population
-species
-biological community
-ecosystem - Order of Levels
-
1. Cellular
2. Organismal
3. Populational - Emergent Properties
- novel properties that arise at each higher (cellular) level
- Deductive Reasoning
- Apply general principals to specific results.
- Inductive Reasoning
-
Use specific observations to construct general principles.
(cats/dogs have hair, all animals have hair) - Scientific Method
-
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Prediction
4. Experiment
5. Theory
6. Research - Hypothesis
- suggested explanation for an observation
- Experiment
- test hypothesis and eliminate false hypotheses
- in a controlled experiment, all variables but one are ___
- constant
- you make a prediction before experiment to ___
- make sure the test is valid
- theory
-
-a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon
-the body of interconnected concepts supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence
-solid ground of science - used to widen current knowledge and provides the scientific foundation used in applied research
- basic research
- results (that must be ___) undergo ____ in scientific journals.
- reproducible, peer review
- ___served as naturalist on mapping expedition arond ____
- Charles Darwin, coastal South America
- ___argued operation of natural laws producing change over time, or ___
- Charles Darwin, evolution
- evolution is explained by ___
- natural selection
-
D's Evidence 1
- fossils of ___ (Glypodant) were similar to ___ (armadillo) - extinct organisms, modern species
-
D's Evidence 2
- haracteristics of similar species (___) varied from place to place
-gradual change of ___
-organisms on young volcanic islands resmbled those on the ___ - galapagos finches, organismal lineages, mainland coast
-
-___ wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population"
-he pointed out that populations of organisms tend to increase ___ - Thomas Mathus, geometrically
- Mathus- unchecked populations should lead to ___
- population explosions
- Mathus- only a limited number of individuals survive
- survival of the fittest
- Darwin- individuals with superior attributes are more likely to ___ than those without
- survive and reproduce
- selection- domestic breeds
- artficial
- selection- organisms in the wild
- natural
- independently and almost simultaneously developed the same idea as Darwin
- Alfred Russel Wallace
-
___ proves that the ___ is older than previously believed
(___, not___ years) - fossil record, earth, 4.5 billion, 6000
- homologous & analogous structures
- comparitive anatomy
-
have same evolutionary origin but different structure and function
Ex: Vertebrate limbs - homologous structures
-
have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origin
Ex: insect wings vs. bird wings - analogous structures
- mechanism of heredity
- modern genetics
- changes in DNA sequences of common molecules (i.e. hemoglobin and cytocrome c)
- molecular evidence of genetics
- show molecular differences over time
- molecular clocks
- show number of amino acid differences in animals
- phylogenetic trees
- four unifying themes of science
-
cell theory
molecular basis of inheritance
evolutionary change
evolutionary conservation - all living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from other living organisms
- cell theory
- heredity depends on the copying of a cell's DNA to daughter cells
- molecular basis of inheritance
- life froms have evolved varying characteristics to adapt to varied enironments
- evolutionary change
- some characteristics of earlier organisms are preserved and passed on to future generations
- evolutionary conservation