SocialCognition
Terms
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- Frith and Frith 1999
- suggest that the understanding of behaviour in terms of other peoples mental states is an important part of social cognition - and that this ability to mentalize require the development of capabilities represent action and the goals and intentions implicit in them - which may have eveolved out of the dorsal action stream - more specifically they suggest that the STS has been implicated in the detection of action, the inferior frontal regions for the rep of that action and the consequences implicit in them and the ACC in the representation of our own mental states- ability to represent others action and our own mental states can be combined to understand the intentions of others
- TMS on STSp
- Grossman et al 2005 - found that perception of biological motion is disrupted by TMS over the STSp in humans only - V5 and no tms and inverted were no different.
- Preston and DeWaal 2002
- suggested that the observation or imagination of an emotional expression invokes the activity of the neural circuits which underlie the representation of that emotion along with its somatic and autonomic responses
- Theory of Mind
- Baron-Cohen et al 1985 - suggested that ToM is the ability to represent the mental states of others and is essential for making sense of future and past behaviour as well as in social interaction with autistic children who havent developed it appearing egocentric, self-centered etc because of their inability to appreciate that others may feel emotions etc
- review of STSp
- Allsion et al 2000 - reviews the center of activity during the viewing of biological motion (in humans with fMRI/PET) and found that it was focused in the STSp
- Puce et al 2000
- found that STS neurons respond more to mouth and face move, differentiate between direct and averted gaze and between emotions
- people permenance
- Baker et al 2001 - found that neurons in the monkeys anterior STS respond most strongly when a person is about to be occluded and that the activity was maintained throughout the occlusion
- Allison and Perret 2003
- suggest that interpreting the intentions behind behaviour are an important aspect of human social cognition - the ability to recognise when these behaviours are being performed are an important aspect of the - parts of the brain are geared to this for example the STP which gets input form both the MST and ventral visual area and is selectively responsive to facial movement - this is closely connected to the STS which is responsive for bio motion such as hand posture and move in relation to an object, mouth movement, eye and face movement and body position and articulation which signals movement - the STS is also connected to the OFC and amyg which are important in the processing of soc/emo sig stim - finnaly humans can discern gender and facial expressions as well as loco, emo etc
- Rizzolatti
- Found a class of neurons in the monkeys PMv (F5) which responded both to the performance and observation of specific actions, only when grasp with a hand not with pliers
- Rizzolatti et al
- mirror neurons in the monkeys sts and F5 which match observed actions to execution suggesting they may play a role in the understanding the actions of others
- STS and hands
- Oram and Perret 1996 - sts neurons respond to the perceived motion of the hands
- lowered MEP
- Fadiga et al 1995, imaging allows us to see the activity of the mirro system (the existence of which seems to allow us to understand the actions of others) but it doesnt tell us if the mirro system is dynamically replicating the observed actions - when an observer views a person making a hand movement compared to visual control stimulus the excitability of their motor system, particularly the hand area is increased
- Avenanti et al 2005
- first suggest the the indirect experience or understanding of another persons pain is an important part of society and therefore a good way to study models of empathy - suggest that neurophysiology and imaging have linked the pain and action systems - therefore to see if that link extends to empathy look at it with TMS and it did provide inhibition when viewing stab a hand not cotton bud or tomato - suggests this may be important for the learning of how to react or knowing when to initiate fight or flight repsonses - empathy has two dev and evo related components - somatic resonance which is the mapping of an outside stimuli onto ones own body and affective resonance which is important for emotional sharing
- Emphatic pain - partners
- Singer et al 2004 - to test the experience of emphatic pain - found put a female partner in to a scanner and either stabbed them or their partner - found that activity in both was in the ACC, bilateral anterior insula, cerebellum and brain stem - the activity of the ACC and bi AI was related to individual empathy scores and have previously been linked to the affective compnent of the pain matrix - suggesting that the empthatic experience of pain is related to the affective not sensory experience
- Wicker 2003
- Ask subject to watch a video of person with an facial expression suggesting either pleasure or disgust - found that viewing these expressions evoked the activity of systems previously linked to the perception and production of these emotional facial expressions (emotion and action rep systems) as well as the same neural system active in the same participant when they smelt aversive or pleasant odors (e.g. the insula) suggesting emo contagion- which the the feeling of a particular emotion when viewing the same emotion in another person
- Rizzolatti et al 2001
- the are mirror neuron systems in the parietal lobe, sts and frontal areas of humans - suggesting they may have a similar mirror network for the understanding of others actions
- Occluded boxes
- Umilta 2001 - found that neurons in F5 of the monkey fire in response to viewing a grasping movement only if the box is their and respond when an object is occluded at the point where the object will be reached
- HAND/FOOT/MOUTH
- Buccino et al 2001 - there are neurons in the human PMC which respond topographically to the movement of hands, feet and mouth in the same way as if the action was being done - a human homologue to the macaque mirror system - is this for imitation or more sophisticated social cognition - mouth mirror area is brocas area
- modulated grasp
- Catiello et al 2003 - did experiments where tested te limits of how observation of one person doing a action would affect the persons subsequent action and found that reflexively the person modulated their grasp even when the person made no movement but just an eye movement - showing the innate, automatic and sophisticated way in which we infer others actions
- Review of TMS
- Fadiga et al 2005 - as above
- Bassilli 1978
- Humans are able to discern emotion from point light displays
- Puce and Allison 1999
- STS neurons respond more to judgements of eye direction the face recognition; and respond more when viewing a face in motion then a still image
- Haxby et al 2002
- suggested as well as a core system for the analysis of invariant features of the face is a non-core not neccesarily face system for the processing of socially relevant features which tell us about a persons mood, interest, intentions, direct gaze etc - beginnging with the STS which is responsive to socially relevant feature e.g eye gaze - also recruits IPS for the direction of attention exp.when averted gaze, the aud cortex for the prelexical percept of lang, the amyg or anterior insula are recruited for the perception of emotion in expressions (such as disgust and anger) and also for familiar faces and direct gaze
- Ramnani and Miall 2004
- showed that the specific activity for mentalizing - for agency was ACC and STSp suggest that STSp was for the rep of the finger movements and ACC for the rep of mental states of intention and when movement was known there was also motor circuit activity with activity in the PMv, and connected PFC and M1 - not PMd as would be expected for arbitary cue response therefore not pure simulation perhaps the rep of own action or imagery of other - all in all theough suggests a circuit for the mentalizing of intention