Anat & Phys of Speech
Terms
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- Pressures (5)
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Atmospheric Pressure
Alveolar Pressure
Intraoral Pressure
Intrapleural Pressure
Subglottal Pressure - Atmospheric Pressure
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Measured at sea level
displaces 760 mm of mercury
treated as zero - Alveolar Pressure
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Pressure inside the alveoli
becomes more negative upon inhalation
exhale, becomes more positive - Intrapleural pressure
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Pressure between visceral and parietal pleura
Always negative
becomes more negative as we inhale - Subglottal pressure
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Below the level of the vocal folds
Vocal folds closed = + pressure
Vocal folds open = atmospheric pressure - Intraoral pressure
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Pressure in mouth
Mouth open = atmospheric pressure
Mouth closed = + pressure (for stops/plosives) - Respiration for Speech
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Subglottal pressure
When talking normally, we need about 3-5 cm of water to start vocal folds
(7 to 10 for loud) -
Inspiration vs Expiration Cycle
Life vs Speech -
Life = 40% inhaling, 60% exhaling
Speech = 10% inhaling, 90% exhaling
"checking action"
use of Expiratory Reserve -
Muscular Activity
Life vs Speech -
Life = just diaphragm to inhale
Speech =
For inhaling: Diaphragm, External intercostals
For exhaling: Internal intercostals, External obliques, Rectus Abdominus, Latissimus Dorsi - Anatomy of Phonation
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vocal folds
larynx
pharynx
glottis - space between vocal folds
subglottis - below vocal folds - Mechanics of vibration (5)
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Vibration
Elasticity
Stiffness
Inertia
Cycle - Vibration
- if no resistance, it will go on forever
- Elasticity
- property to allow it to return to original shape
- Stiffness
- back to same length, shape, size
- Inertia
- Property of a body in motion stays in motion, body at rest stays at rest
- Cycle
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one inspiration, one expiration
Opening and closing of vocal folds
Frequency = cycles/second = Hz - Diaphragm
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bowl-shaped muscle
primary muscle of inspiration
attached at xiphoid process anteriorally, vertebral column (lumbar) posteriorally, ribs laterally - parts of Diaphragm (4)
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Central tendon
Esophogeal Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus (blood supply going down)
Foramen Vena Cava (blood supply for veins going up) - Bernoulli effect
- Given a constant volume (flow of air), at a point of constriction, there will be decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow of air and an increase in the velocity of the flow
- checking action
- gradual release of air while speaking
- english sounds that use the phonatory mechanism
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vowels
b, z, m, v, th (unaccented) and dj