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- John Smith, The Generall Historie
- Captain John Smith was admitted to the governing council of the Chesapeake By in June 1607 and then elected to president in the fall of 1608. He strove to correct the settlers' deficiencies, subordinate the natives, and make the colony and profitable operation. His actions ensured the survial of the colony, but his authoritarian leadership alienated many of its people. Due to his enemies' efforts, company reorganization, and a wound he suffered when some gunpowder exploded,Smith quit the colony in the fall of 1609.
- 2. John Winthrop, General Observations and Model of Christian Charity, 1629-1630:
- The Puritans felt impelled to emigrate in order for them to escape religious persecution. Some Decided to move to the New World. There they planned to establish, as their governor John Winthrop phrased it, a “city upon a hill†that was to set a shining example of piety and community for the rest of the world. Instead of pursuing property and profit, the Puritans were on a mission. Winthrop was the first to lead the first contingent of Puritans to the Masachusetts Bay colony, and he listed some of the reasons why he was emigrating and why others should too. In 1630, while on board of the Arbella, as the colonists struggled, he both chastised and encouraged them by reminding them that they were engaged in a labor of love and that their endeavors would be judged
- The Great Migration, 1620-1630
- Chartered in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Company was founded by a group of London merchants who hoped to further the Puritan cause and turn a profit through trade with the Indians. The first five ships sailed from England in 1629 and by 1642 some 21,000 Puritans had emigrated to Massachusetts. This flow of population represented less than one-third of English emigration in the 1630s. The Great Migration established the basis for a stable and thriving society.
- Anne Hutchinson
- Anne was a great threat to the Puritan establishment both because of her gender and because she attracted a large and influential following. Hutchinson began holding meetings in her home, where she led discussions of religious issues among men and women, including a number of prominent merchants and public officials. She charged all the ministers in Massachusetts of being guilty of faulty preaching. She then violated Puritan doctrine and sealed her own fate when she, during her trial, spoke of divine revelations, of God speaking to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible. Her career showed how the Puritan belief in each individual’s ability to interpret the Bible could easily lead to criticism of the religious establishment. A number of her followers become Quakers.
- King Philip’s War, 1675-1676
- In several colonies, increasing settlement on the frontier led to resistance by alarmed Indians. The bloodiest and most bitter conflict occurred in southern New England, where in 1675 an Indian alliance launched attacks on farms and settlements. New Englanders described the Wampanoag leader Metacom (King Philip) as the uprisings mastermind. Even though the white population considerably outnumbered the Indians, the fate of the New England colonies for several months hung in the balance. However, in mid-1676 the tide of battle turned and a ferocious counterattack broke the Indians’ power once and for all. After, the image of Indians as bloodthirsty savages became firmly entrenched in the New England mind.
- Half-Way Covenant
- Church membership was decreasing rapidly because of society’s growing commercialization. For this reason, Puritan Leaders had to choose between upholding rigorous standards of church admission, which would limit the size and social influence of the Congregational Church. Or they could make admission easier, which would keep the church connected with a larger part of the population but would raise fears about a loss of religious purity. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 tried to address this problem by allowing for the baptism and a kind of subordinate, or “half-wayâ€, membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration. In a significant compromise of early Puritan beliefs, ancestry, not religious conversion, became the pathway to inclusion among the elect.
- Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
- The most dramatic uprising in this period took place in Virginia, where Governor William Berkeley had for thirty years run a corrupt regime in alliance with an inner circle of the colony’s wealthiest tobacco planters. The spark of Bacon’s Rebellion was a minor confrontation between Indians and colonists on Virginia’s western frontier. Settlers demanded that the governor authorize the extermination or removal of the colony’s Indians, to open more land for the whites. Berkeley refused and an uprising, beginning with a series of Indian massacres, quickly grew into a full-fledged rebellion against Berkeley and his system of rule. In the long run, Bacon’s Rebellion produced
- Dominion of New England, 1685
- Dominion of New England represented a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. King James II of England decreed the creation of the Dominion as a measure to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies against the French and hostile Native Americans. This imposition of a centralized authority from England was highly unpopular. When word of the overthrow of James II by William of Orange reached Boston, the colonists rose up in rebellion. The Dominion immediately collapsed.
- Salem Witch Trials, 1691-1692
- Approximately 150 persons were accused of witchcraft, even though many confessed to save their lives, fourteen women and five men were hanged, protesting their innocence to the end. In Salem, as accusations and executions multiplied, it became clear that something was seriously wrong with the colony’s system of justice. The events in Salem accelerated a commitment among prominent colonists to finding scientific explanations for natural events like comets and illnesses, rather than attributing them to magic
- Salutary Neglect:
- Salutary neglect was a large contributing factor that led to the American Revolutionary War. Since the imperial authority did not assert the power that it had, the colonists were left to govern themselves. These essentially sovereign colonies soon became accustomed to the idea of self-control. The effects of such prolonged isolation eventually resulted in the emergence of a collective identity that considered itself separate from Great Britain.