Biology 102 2
Terms
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- How is a substrate molecule maneuvered into the active site?
- Waals forces
- energy can be converted from one form to another but not created; is the term
- law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of mass)
- Metabolism is what type of reaction?
- chemical recation
- When energy is converted from one form to another what is given off?
-
heat (energy)
- ______ is when molecules that are competeting with the substrate covalently bondto teh enzymes.
- Irreversible inhibition
- Energy can be expressed as...
- "heat content" or Enthalpy
- ______ are proteins with pockets in their surface(active sites)
- Enzymes
- What is the equation for heat content or Enthalpy?
-
Enthalpy(H)=energY(E)+pressure(P)x Volume(V)
H=E+PxV - The higher the____ of a system the greater the probability to "destabilize" a certain compound or increase its entrophy
- temperature
- What determines dissociation and/or charge of a substrate or enzyme?
- pH
- What are biological catalysts?
- protiens called enzymes
- _____is with in an organism lead to changes of the energy content of the participating molecules
- chemimcal reaction (metabolism)
- ______ is the additional enegy needed in reactions to help break existing chemical bonds
- activation energy
- _______ are driven toward the side of greater entropy
- reversible processes
- The change in the energy content is a measureof?
- the amount of energy released or consumed during a (chemical) reaction
- is the total energy content
- Enthalpy
- What is the most fundemental property of any chemical reaction?
-
the change of free energy
( G) - What dertermines which molecules can bind to a given enzyme?
- shape and size
- _____ is when reactions or exothermic(realease energy) and the energy can be converted in to ATP
- exergonic
- What must happen for catalysis to occur?
- the molecule on which enzymes act (substrate must fit precisely into the active site
- What are some factors that affect enzyme activity?
- temperature and pH
- What happens when a temperature is to low or to high?
-
When temperature is to low no enzyme activity (reaction)takes place (enzymes become to rigid), When temperature is to high enzymes become "denatured" (damaged).
- Any reaction that produces products containing ____ free energy will proceed spontaneously.
- less
- All organisms couple the ______ to the formation of ATP which in turn drives endergonic reactions.
- energy-yielding process
- what is the equation for free energy
-
G=H-T(S)
or the change of energy at a constant temperature - ______lower the activation enery, they do not affect the energy balance of a chemical reaction but increase the speed of a given reaction.
- catalysts
- _____ is the energy to do work
- free energy
- when is energy produced in a chemical reaction or in any type of reaction?
- When the products of a reaction contain less energy than the original reactants energy
- At what pH do reactions (enzyme activity) take place?
- between 4 and 7
- The amount of energy consumed to make a certain molecule is the same gained by its______
- oxidation
- ____is when heat is needed in a reaction or requires energy
- endothermic
- What temperature can an enzyme activity take place?
- between 10 to 70 degrees (36 to 39 degrees in humans)
- ____is when heat is given off.
- Exothermic
- How does enzyme stubstrate complex break down?
- It breaks down after the product P is formed ES=>E+S
- _____is a measure for disorder or the extent to which the energy of a system is unavailable. ______ is also is a spontaneouly occuring process which lead to a lower final energy content.
- Entropy
- when the substrate molecule is in the active site what is formed?
- enzyme-substrate complex
- ____ is when a reaction is endothermic(needs energy to preform) and needs the ATP produced by exergonic
- endergonic
- _____ is the competition between substrates and other molecules
- Reversable competitive inhibition
- How do enzyme reactions typically proceed?
-
by binding substrate S to the enzyme E and the formation of an Enzyme substrate complex
ESe+s=es