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Terms
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- What are the 3 main lobes of the cerebellum?
- anterior, posterior, floculonodular
- What separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?
- the primary fissure
- What are teh three functional divisions of the cerebellum? Include both names for each
-
paleocerebellum= spinocerebellar
archeocerebellum=vestibularcerebellum
neocerebellum = pontocerebellum - What is found in each of the following: pontocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum?
-
pontocerebellum: white area and part of anterior and posterior lobes
vestibulocerebellum: flocculus and nodulus
spinocerebellum: central location and includes vermis - What is the last branch off the vertebral artery before the basilar artery?
- The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, PICA
-
What is the last branch off teh basilar?
What supplies the mid cerebellum? -
superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery -
What is function of the: vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
pontocerebellum? -
maintains equilibrium
spinocerebellum: receives spinal inforamation. influences MUSCLE TONE and MUSCLE SYNERGY
pontocerebellum: receives cerebral information for manual dexterity; increases w/ skill. ex. writing and piano -
What does the cerebellum do in ALL veretebrates?
What does the tectum relay in all vertebrates? -
processes vestibular information
visual and auditory infomation to the cerebellum - Is the dentate nucleus found in non-mammals? What does it function with?
-
no it is a mammailian structure
functions with the pontocerebellum (has the potential to grow the most) - what happens as the cerebral cortex grows?
- The cerebellar cortex increases too
- How is the posterior column functionally similar to the cerebellum
- The dorsal column relays conscious proprioception while the cerebellum relays unconscious proprioception
- What are the funcitons of the cerebellum?
-
mm synergy
monitors both the motor and sensory centers
fine tunes (modulates)motor activity - If the cerebellum is lesioned will there be paralysis?
-
no
cerebellum has indirect and direct control of skeletal muscles however - What are the motor output tracts?
- corticospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal
- What does all proprioceptive information input have to do?
- check in with the cerebellum
- What are the spinocerebellar tracts? Which go thru the inferior cerebellar peduncle and which thru the superior?
-
dorsal spinalcerebellar--inferior peduncle
cuneocerebellar--inferior peduncle
ventral spinocerebellar--superior peduncle - What types of sensations do the dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar deal with?
- small fields, pressure, joint, spindles
- Where does the cuneocerebellar have its affect? dorsal spinaocerebellar?
-
above T6
dorsal: below T6 -
What type of fields does the anterior spinocerebellar tract deal with?
Are the tracts ipsi or contralateral? -
large filds.
NOTE: ipsi AND contralateral tracts.
enters thru superior cerebellar peduncle -
Which peduncle do the following travel thru: trigeminalcerebellar
tectocerebellar
olivocerebellar
reticulaocerebellar
vestibulocerebellar? -
trigeminocerebellar: thru sup peduncle
tectocerebellar: thru sup
olivo, reticulo, vestibulo thru inferior cerebellar peduncle - Where does input from the cortex go enroute to the cerebellum?
- pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus
-
What is found in the following layers of the cerebellar cortex
molecular layer
purkinje layer
granular layer? -
molecular layer: basket and stellate
purkinje layer: purkinje cells
granular: climbing and mossy fibers, golgi cells, granular cells - What do purkinje cells receive? What do they output?
- excitatory input from mossy fibers. output: inhibitory
- What do the deep nuclei send out?
- excitatory output
- Where do climbing fibers come from?
-
inferior olivary nucleus
all others are mossy - How do most input fibers enter the cerebellum?
- Almost all input fibers enter cerebellum as mossy fibers.
- Where do the inputs synapse first?
- Synapse first on deep cerebellar nuclei, and then onto granule cells.
- Where do excitatory synapses occur?
- Also synapses onto glomerulus
- What makes up a glomerulus?
- 3 component structure made up of granule cell dendrite, golgi cell axon, and mossy fiber axon
- What cells are inhibitory?
- golgi, basket, and stellate are inhibitory
-
Where does infor from the inferior olive come from specifically?
What are the fibers called? Where do they synapse first? - Info from inferior olive from the hand specifically. It’s climbing fibers synapse first on the deep cerebellar nuclei. Then onto the purkinje cell, then onto basket cell. Excitatory stimulization.
- Which cells is inhibitory to the purkinje cell?
- the basket cells
- Which cell is the only that projects from the cerebellar cortex to the deep nuclei (only negative output)?
- the purkinje fibers
- which type of fiber goes directly to the purkinje cell?
- climbing
- What does a mossy cell do in the cerebellar cortex?
- spreads out
-
Hwo many purkinje cells are there with flat dendritic trees?
How mnay granule cell axons does each receive?
How many granule cells are there? -
15 million
100,000
3 billion granule cells -
What type of info does the human brain carry?
What type of info does a mossy fiber carry?
climbing fibers?
What are the general and specific motor modalities? -
The human brain has specific and general information.
Mossy fibers carry general information
climbing fibers carry direct??
General and specific motor modalities: pyramidal and extrapyramidal. - What is the function of the pontocerebellum?
-
integration of sensory aspects of discrete voluntary movements from the ipsilateral limbs for synergistic movements
manual dexterity - Are the deep cerebellar nuclei constantly inhibited or excited?
-
both!! (excited by climbing and mossy and inhibited by purkinjie)
time delay is crucial
output is EXCITATORY - Name the deep nuclei.
- interpositus, fastigial, and dentate
-
What does the spinocerebellum control?
What part of the limbs? - corrects tremors, postural reflexes, mm tone of entire body, PROXIMAL movements of ipsilateral limbs (not hands?)
- What is function of the vestibulocerebellum?
- balance, conjugate eye movements
- What would happen if the flocculonodular lobe was removed?
-
can't stand or walk--fall down
BUT
can use hands and eat w/o tremor - What happens if you have a midline lesion damaging the floccularnodular lobe and vermis? What could cause this?
-
An medulloblastoma could cause this:
common in children--alcohol also destrosy this area
symptoms: wide staggering ataxic gate and nystagmus and involuntary movement of one or both eyes -
What would a lesion in the spino or pontocerebellar cause?
Which side? -
ipsilateral--no paraylisis
but could see the following sympotoms:
ataxia
decomoposition of movement
dysmetria
hypotonia
asthenia
dysarthria
intentional or essential tremor evident when making a purposeful movement -
What is the work meaning decreased muscle tone?
posture and gait disturbance? -
hypotonia
ataxia -
What is the word for muscles that weaken or tire easily?
for can't stop movement at a desired point?
for slurred, hesitating speech? -
asthenia
dysmetria
dysarthria - What type of surgical intervention is available for cerebellar dysfunction?
-
radiosurgery--stop intention tremors w/electrode. pass current at the tip in order to destroy a specific area
use a gamma knife
Deep Brain stimulation w/ placement of premanent electrode into the ventral intermediate nucleus. uses chronic electrical simulation controlled by the patient