Mel's Medication Administration Lecture Oct 2006
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Drug Legislation: FDA
* What Act brought the FDA into being in what year?
* What does the FDA do? -
FDA came into being in 1938 from the Pure Food and Drug Act.
FDA governs prescription and OTC drugs. - Drug Legislation: Harrison Narcotic Act; Controlled Substance Act
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*1914 Harrison Narcotic Act became the Controlled Substance Act (1970)
* DEA enforces compliance
* Narcotic count done after each shift - Drug Legislation: In addition to federal regulations...3 other bodies that govern nurses and administration of drugs
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* State regs
* Nurse practice Act: State regulations that ensure minimal compentency
* Healthcare institutions have their own regulations and tests - Nurse's Role in Medication Administration (4 things)
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1. Accurate administration
2. Patient teaching
3. Evaluating response to medication (looking for desired effect)
4. Documenting administration and desired effect being reached. - Pharmocological Concepts: Drug Nomenclature (3 names)
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1. Chemical Name (N acetyl para aminophenol)
2. Generic Name (Acetaminophen)
3. Trade Name (Tylenol) - Pharmacological Concepts: Classification (Pharm vs. Therapeutic)
- Know: effect drug has on the body and symptoms relieved
- 6 Safe Guidelines for Administering Medication
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1. Never sign the MAR until after drug is administered
2. Never administer a drug someone else prepared
3. Always listen to client "I never took this before"
4. If you withhold a drug, document why
5. Never leave a medication at a patient's bedside
6. Educate "Never borrow someone else's medication" - Forms of Medication (Oral) Abbreviations: SR, XL, CR, SA, LA
- SR: sustained release, XL: extended release, CR: controlled release, SA: short acting, LA: long acting
- Forms of Medication (Oral) Liquids: Elixir, Extract, Solution, Suspension, Troche
- Elixir: liquid + alcohol base, Extract: concentrated form from original source, solution: liquid, suspension: drug in a liquid that needs to settle so you need to shake, syrup=with sugar, troche: lozenge
- Pharmokinetics of a drug
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1.Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion - Loading Dose of a drug
- Dose given one time to quickly elevate level of drug in the blood
- Maintenance Dose of a drug
- Dose required to keep blood level steady and to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
- Absorption of a drug
- Passage of the medication into the bloodstream and the drug starts taking effect
- 5 Factors affecting the Absorption of a medication
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1. route
2. ability of drug to dissolve
3. blood flow to site (elderly have less blood flow)
4. body surface (bigger people need a larger dose)
5. Lipid solubility of drug (some drugs dissolve better in the stomach--effected by having food in the stomach) - Factors affecting the Distribution of Medication
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1. Circulation
2. Membrane Permeability
3. Blood-Brain Barrier
4. Placenta-Teratogenic
5. Protein-Binding
6. Metabolism
7. Excretion
8. pH of Drug - What are the four parts comprising the "Pharmokinetics" of Medications?
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1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Metabolism
4) Excretion - What is a "Loading Dose" of a Medication?
- The loading dose is a 1 time dosage of the drug in an amount to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the bloodstream
- What is the "Maintenance Dose" of a Drug?
- the dosage required to keep the blood level steady and get the desired therapeutic effect of the drug
- Name 5 factors that effect the absorption of a medication.
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1) Route: oral is the slowest, IV/IM quickest, SL faster than oral
2) Ability for an oral medication to dissolve
3) Blood flow to the site (elderly have poorer circulation--slower absorption time)
4) Body surface--bigger people need a bigger dose
5)Lipid solubility of drug: pH is important here--some drugs dissolve better in the stomach and are effected by having food in the stomach - What is the "Absorption" of a drug?
- absorption is the passage of medication into the bloodstream
- What is meant by the "Distribution" of a drug?
- distribution of a drug is the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to the various bodily fluids and tissues
- Name 4 factors that effect the distribution of a medication.
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1) cardiac output and circulation
2) cell membrane permeability--to be distributed to tissue, cell membranes must allow drug in.
3)Placenta--teratogenic effects
4)Protein binding - What is the blood-brain barrier with regards to distribution of medications?
- The blood brain barrier allows only fat soluble medications to pass through (e.g. alcohol, general anesthetics, penicillin G)
- What is meant by "protein-binding" with regards to medications?
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* When a drug is circulating in the blood stream, it may become attached to serum proteins (mostly albumin).
*This binding decreases the amount of free drug available to reach the site of action because the protein-drug molecule is too big to diffuse through the cell memberane.
* some diseases decrease amount of albumin in bloodstream--be careful with dosages of medications for toxic effects - What is meant by "Metabolism" or biotransformation of a drug or medication?
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* The process of metabolism refers to the chemical and physical processing of the drug, inactivating the drug and changing it into a water-soluble compound that can be excreted by the body.
* The liver is the primary source of biotransformation. - Name 4 factors effecting metabolism
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1) The presence of specific enzymes in the liver that process drugs
2) Health of the liver (diseases such as cirrohsis effect the body's ability to process medications).
3) Circulation to the liver (age), and other substances in the liver also effect the speed at which the body can metabolize a medication
4) race and heritage also can effect the metabolism of drugs - What is involved in the excretion of a medication?
- Excretion is the elimination of drugs from the body, involving the movement of a drug or its metabolites from the tissues back into circulation and from the circulation into the organs of excretion.
- Name 3 factors that affect the kidney's ability to excrete drugs and their metabolites
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1) maturity of the kidneys
2) circulation
3) disease of kidneys
**important implications for the elderly as kidney funtion decreases, there can be an accumulation of drugs, resulting in toxicity.
**other organs, such as exocrine glands, the skin , gi tract and lungs contribution to the excretion of some drugs - 7 General Factors that affect the pharmokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) of a drug
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1) Weight of patient: the higher the weight, the higher the dose needed
2) Gender: women respond differently to medications due to their higher fat content
3) Age: elderly have a slower metabolic process, more difficult to excrete--children have a lower threshold
4) genetic/cultural factors
5) other pathologies
6) environmental issues (ex: nutrition, people working night shift, etc)
7) psychological factors - Describe liniment medications
- topical medication mixed with alcohol, oil or soapy emollient--like a cream
- Describe ointment medications
- semi-solid substances for topical use--like a & d ointment
- Describe paste medications
- semi-solid substances for topical use that is thicker than ointment--absorbed slowly through the skin
- Describe tincture medication
- alcohol in water solution
- Describe sublingual / buccal medication
- placement under tongue or in the buccal pocket for disintegration and absorption through mucus membranes
- Describe troches, lozenges or pastilles
- preparations of drugs designed to dissolve in the mouth
- Describe caplet medications
- gelatin - coated tablets that dissolve in the stomach
- Describe transdermal patch medications
- contain medication that is absorbed throught the skin over an extended period of time
- Describe suppository medications
- gelatin substances designe to dissolve when inserted into the rectum, urethra or vagina
- Describe inhalant medications
- drugs or dilution of drugs administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for a local or systemic effect
- Describe enema medications
- aqueous solutions for rectal instillation
- Describe douche medications
- aqueous solutions that function as a cleansing or antiseptic agent that may be dispensed in the form of a powder with directions for dissolving in a specific quantity of warm water
- Describe tablet medications
- compressed or molded substances to be swallowed whole, chewed before swallowing, or placed in the buccal pocket or under the tongue
- Describe capsule medications
- substances encased in either a hard or soft soluble container or gelatin shell that dissolves in the stomach
- Describe enteric-coated medications
- tablets that dissolve in the intestines
- Describe time-release capsules
- Encased substances that are further enclosed in smaller casings that deliver a drug dose over an extended period of time
- Describe medications that are suspensions
- particle or powder substances that must be dissolved in a liquid (shaken vigorously) before administration
- Describe medications that are in emulsion form
- Emulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small droplets throughout another liquid
- Describe syrup medications
- substances dissolved in sugar liquid
- Describe gargle medications
- aqueous solutions
- Describe mouthwash medications
- aqueous solutions that may contain alcohol, glycerin and synthetic sweeteners and surface-active flavoring and coloring agents
- Describe nasal solution medications
- aqueous solutions in the form of drops or sprays
- Types of Medication Interaction: What is meant by "cumulative effect"?
- Effect of all of the medications taken together (go to the same pharmacy each time)
- Types of Medication Interaction: What is meant by "antagonistic effect"?
- When 2 drugs cancel each other out--no effect
- Types of Medication Interaction: What is meant by "synergystic effect"?
- When 2 drugs support eachother in such a way that you could have lower doses of medication
- Types of Medication Interaction: Describe common types of allergic reactions
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Allergic reactions are unpredictable. Common reactions are:
1) mild: hives, rash, itching
2) severe: anaphylaxis, - Types of Medication Interaction: Describe drug tolerance
- When the body becomes so accustomed to a specific drug that larger doses are needed to produce the desired therapeutic effect.
- Types of Medication Interaction: Describe 3 primary types of interaction with food or drugs
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1. certain drugs may interfere with the absorption, excretion or use in the body of one or more nutrients.
2. Certain foods may increase or decrease the absorption of a drug into the body
3. Certain foods may alter the chemical actions of drugs, preventing their therapeutic effect on the body.
* most interactions happen with diuretics, oral antibiotics, anticoagulant and antihypertensive drugs - Routes of 4 parenteral drug administration (know degrees of needle entry)
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1. subcutaneous 45
2. IM 90
3. IV 25
4. ID 10 - 25 - 7 Other Routes of Medication Administration
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1) Epidural
2) Intrathecal
3) Intraosseus
4) Intraperitoneal
5) Intrapleural
6) Intrarterial
7) Intracardiac - 5 Types of Medication Orders
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1) Routine order: typically in office visit for episodic event
2) Standing order: specific- "if a patient has temp over 101 you may administer x mg of y"
3) prn: as needed, eg pain meds
4) single order: one time dose
5) stat: NOW - 7 Parts of the Medication Order
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1) Name of client
2) Date and time written (esp for STAT med orders)
3) Name of drug
4) dose
5) route
6) time and frequency of administration
7) signature of prescriber - 5 Rights of Drug Administration + 1 Right Documentation
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1. Right patient
2. Right medication
3. Right dose
4. Right route
5. Right time - The nurse needs to check the label written on the container against the MAR 3 times
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1. when removing the drug container from the client's drawer
2. when removing it from the container
3. before returning it to the client's medication drawer - List 5 situations that change medication orders
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1. lack of availability of drug
2. condition of the patient
3. surgery (cancels all med. orders)
4. transfer to a different unit
5. discharge - Describe 3 drug supply and storage systems in the acute care setting
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1. unit-dose form: unit dose is a system of packaging and labeling each dose of medication for a patient for a 24 hour period
(stored in medication cart).
2. stock supplied: certain drugs (such as tylenol) are dispensed in large quantities on the floor and are stored in the medication room
3. computer controlled dispensing system for narcotics - Medication Dose Response: What is meant by the drugs "onset"?
- The time it takes to produce a response
- Medication Dose Response: What is meant by the drug's "peak"
- The time it takes for a drug to reach its highest blood level concentration after a plasma level single dose before elimination rate equals the rate of absorption (generally the peak is 30 min after the drug is taken)
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Medication Dose Response:
What is meant by the drug's "trough" - The lowest blood level before the next dose (generally 30 min before the next dose is taken)
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Medication Dose Response:
What is meant by the drug's "duration"? - The duration is the time a drug remains in the system in a concentration great enough to have a therapeutic effect
- Medication Dose Response: What is meant by a drug's "plateau"?
- The plateau is the blood concentration level that is maintained after a series of scheduled drug doses is administered.
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Medication Dose Response:
What is meant by a drug's "half-life"? - The time it takes the body to eliminate half the blood concentration level of the original drug dose
- Questioning a Medication Order--YOU ARE LIABLE--5 good reasons to refuse to give a medication
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1. Illegible
2. Error in the way it was written
3. Questionable purpose of the order--does it make sense
4. Allergic response or change in patient's condition
5. Interaction or possible interaction with other drugs - 7 Most Common Medication Errors
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1. Extra/omitted/wrong dose
2. Medication not ordered for client
3. Incorrect rate of administration
4. Not prescribed time
5. Incorrect preparation of drug (e.g. do not crush)
6. Improper technique
7. Expired drug - Nursing Process: Knowledge Deficit in Medications being administered--describe PIE (eg contraception)
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1. Planning: set attainable goals; you and client have to agree
2. Implementation: teaching not only what but how and why it is important
3. Evaluation: is the patient compliant with medicinal regimen? - Drug Administration: describe 7 major parts of on-going assessment
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1. Medical/Drug History including allergies, past/current medication use including herbs and OTC drugs and complementary therapy (acupuncture, etc)
2. Biographical data (age, education, insurance coverage, occupation)
3. Ethnic culture and factors effecting patient's compliance to medical regimen
4. Lifestyle and beliefs
5. Sensory and cognitive status: ability to prepare and take medications correctly
6. Current physical condition (heart rate for example)
7. Diagnostic and Lab Data - Drug Administration: 10 things to include in client teaching
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1. drug name, purpose, actions, side effects
2. take at same time each day
3. interactions with food, meds, otc drugs
4. what to do with missed doses
5. take as long as prescribed?
6. do not alter dosage
7. call provider when side effects occur
8. keep meds with you when traveling
9. do not share
10. proper storage - Describe 5 parts to transcribing a medication order onto the MAR
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1) check MAR
2) check name, room, bed #, medication, dose, route frequency
3) check MAR with ORIGINAL ORDER (make sure you are looking at most recent date)
4) calculation and measurement of medications
5) 3 checks, 6 rights - 3 Important points specific to the documentation form for narcotics
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1) 2 nurses sign administration of meds
2) 2 nurses sign for count of narcotics
3) 2 nurses sign for wasting medication - 4 Reasons a medication dosage may be omitted
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1) fasting (ex: npo to go to surgery)
2) problem no longer exists
3)suspected allergy or untoward effect
4) patient refuses (DOCUMENT!)