23: Chemical Agents
Terms
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- sterilization
- the removal of all life forms especially bacterial spores
- disinfection
- a chemical ward used to kill pathogenic microorganisms on a lfeless object such as a tabletop
- antiseptic
- a chemical used to kill pathogenic microorganisms on a living object such as the surface of the human body
- bacteriocidal
- an agent that kills bacteria
- bacteriostatic
- an agent that preventes the multiplication of bacteria without killing them
- sepsis
- contamination of an object by microorganisms
- aseptic
- free of microorganisms
- sanitize
- to reduce microbial populations to a safe level as determined by public health statndards
- degerm
- to mechanically remove organisms from a surface
- fungicidal
- an agent that kills fungi
- virucidal
- an agent that kills viruses
- sporicidal
- an agent that kills bacterial spores
- germicidal
- an agent that kills microorganisms
-
chlorine:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: chlorine gas sodium hypochorite chloramines
mechanism: protein oxidation membrane leakage
application: water treat skin antisepsis equipment spray food process
limit: inactivated by organic matter objectionable taste and odor
spectrum: broad variety of bacteria fungi protozoa viruses -
iodine:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: tincture of iodine iodophors
mechanism: halogenates tyrosine in proteins
application: skin antisepsis food processing preoperative preparation
limit: inactivated by organic matter objectionable taste and odor
spectrum: broad variety of bacteria fungi protozoa viruses -
phenol:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: cresols trichlosan hexachorophene hexylresorcinol chlorhexidine
mechanism: coagulates proteins disrupts cell membranes
application: general preservatives skin antisepsis with detergent
limit: toxic to tissues disagreeable odor
spectrum: gram positive bacteria some fungi -
mercury:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: mercuric chloride merthiolate metaphen
mechanism: combines with -SH groups in proteins
application: skin antiseptics disinfectants
limit: inactivated by organic matter toxic to tissues slow acting
spectrum: broad variety of bacteria fungi protozoa viruses -
copper:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: copper sulphate
mechanism: combines with proteins
application: algicide in swimming pools municipal water supplies
limit: inactivated by organic matter
spectrum: algae some fungi -
silver:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: silver nitrate
mechanism: binds proteins
application: skin antiseptic eyes of newborns
limit: skin irritation
spectrum: organisms in burned tisue gonococci -
alcohol:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: ethyl alcohol (70%)
mechanism: denatures proteins dissolves lipids dehydrating agent application: instrument disinfectant skin antiseptic
limit: precleaning necessary skin irritation
spectrum: vegetative bacterial cells fungi protozoa viruses -
formaldehyde:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: formaldehyde gas formalin
mechanism: reacts w/functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids
application: embalming vaccine production gaseous sterilant
limit: poor penetration allergenic tissue toxic neutralize organic matter
spectrum: broad variety of bacteria fungi protozoa viruses -
glutaraldehyde:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: glutaraldehyde
mechanism: reacts w/functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids
application: sterilization of surgical supplies
limit: unstable toxic to skin
spectrum: all microorganisms including spores -
ethylene oxide:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: ethylene oxide gas
mechanism: reacts w/functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids
application: sterilize instruments equipment heat-sensitive objects
limit: explosive toxic to skin requires constant humidity
spectrum: all microorganisms including spores -
chlorine dioxide:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: chloriine dioxide gas
mechanism: reacts w/functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids
application: santizes equipment rooms buildings
limit: explosive
spectrum: all microorganisms including spores -
hydrogen peroxide:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: hydrogen peroxide
mechanism: creates aerobic environment oxidizes protein groups application: wound treatment
limit: limited use
spectrum: anaerobic bacteria -
cationic detergents:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: commercial detergents
mechanism: dissolve lipids in cell membranes
application: industrial sanitization skin antiseptic disinfectant
limit: neutralized by soap
spectrum: broad variety of microorganisms -
triphenylmethane:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: malachite green crystal violet
mechanism: react with cytoplasmic components
application: wounds skin infection
limit: residual stain
spectrum: staphylococci some fungi gram+ bacteria -
acridine dyes:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: acriflavine proflavine
mechanism: react with cytoplasmic components
application: skin infection
limit: residual stain
spectrum: staphylococci gram positive bacteria -
acids:
agent
mechanism
application
limit
spectrum -
agent: benzoic, salicylic, undecylinic, lactic, propionic acids
mechanism: alter pH
application: skin infections food preservatives
limit: skin irritation
spectrum: many bacteria and fungi